Abstract: Homopolymers and copolymers with an acrylic backbone chain having pendant side-chains containing a nitrone functional group undergo change in refractive index upon exposure to actinic radiation. Waveguides are "written" in films containing such polymers by exposing predetermined areas to sufficient actinic radiation to change the refractive index.
Abstract: The invention is a method for making an electrically conductive path on the wall of a passage through a substrate. It is especially useful for connecting electrically conductive paths (25) on opposite sides of a circuit board (20). The method is characterized by the steps of forming a tapered passage (21) through the substrate (20) that connects to at least one conductive path on each side of the substrate (20), filling the tapered passage (21) with an electrically conductive powder (10), applying pressure with a tapered die (30) to compact the powder (11) against the wall of the passage (21) without blocking the passage, and then heating the compacted powder (11) to a temperature that increases the conductivity and ductility of the compacted powder (11) and its adhesion to the substrate (20) without adversely affecting the shape or condition of the substrate (20).
Abstract: A porous biomass support system in a fixed bed reactor configuration affords biodegradation of phenolic materials to a level under 20 parts per billion at an hydraulic residence time of about 15 hours with significantly less sludge formation currently possible by available methods. The porous biomass support system utilizes an open-celled foam within which is entrapped small particles of porous activated carbon and suitable microorganisms. The carbon is self-regenerative and does not have to be periodically replaced or replenished. The entire porous biomass support system can operate for extended periods of time without replacement.
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