Abstract: A rectangular sample cell for use in the measurement of the light scattered from an incident light beam in three mutually orthogonal directions is constructed with a prism having its base optically in contact with the sample along a side of the cell. Two other faces of the prism are oriented at equal angles to the base so that those faces pass orthogonal components of the light scattered at 90.degree. from the axis of the incident beam. The other orthogonal component is formed by the forward scattered light.

Abstract: Apparatus for wiping the optical window of a sample cell in a turbidimeter or other particle measuring instrument for analyzing a liquid sample. The wiping apparatus is operated by the pressure of the source of supply of the liquid sample and avoids the necessity of liquid seal bearings.

Abstract: Boiler outlet temperature in a sliding pressure operation is controlled in a routine way by varying the fluid or heat distribution in the boiler. The effect a change in pressure has on steam temperature is anticipated by supplying a feedforward signal to the temperature control system from drum pressure so as to minimize temperature variations at the boiler outlet.

Abstract: A resistance thermometer probe assembly is constructed by locating a header assembly in the end of a cylindrical sleeve. The header is constructed as a stack of discs. The disc exposed to the environment is of stainless steel and the disc supporting the thin film resistance thermometer chip is of ceramic. A copper disc is brazed between the ceramic and the stainless steel to accommodate the different thermal coefficients of expansion. Nail-head pins are brazed to a thick film deposit on the exposed face of the ceramic disc and the resistance thermometer chip is connected electrically between the pins.

Abstract: There is provided a method for measuring a parameter whose value is calculable as an integral with time of a function of at least one variable so as to make possible the use of a microprocessor when measurements of such variables are desired. The variable is sampled periodically at a frequency asynchronous with the wave form which the variable follows and then there is periodically calculated the value of the function by summing the values for the function determined by the samples taken during the time between the calculations, thus determining the desired integral.

Abstract: An improved thermal printing device in which pressure is applied to hold the heat-sensitive paper 5 in contact with a print head 1 by a spring metal comb 8. The comb has a large number of tines (typically 2.5 per millimeter of the comb's width) and can be produced by an etching (or "chemical milling") process. The narrow width of the tines allows very good thermal contact with the print head to be achieved without resort being made to a rubber roller with a high contact pressure. This feature improves uniformity of print and reduces greatly the undesirable effect of the chart paper adhering to the print head through high contact pressure and local heating. The design of the path that the chart paper follows also reduces this undesirable adhering effect. The improved device is very suitable for chart recorders where the paper moves slowly.

Abstract: An expendable immersion thermocouple having a cup-shaped body member for supporting the thermocouple and providing a cavity into which a refractory cement is poured to secure the thermocouple in place. The refractory cement is nonhomogeneous and has a surface region which is substantially composed of a high temperature refractory material such as alumina.

Abstract: A method and means for controlling the throttle pressure of a fuel fired drum type boiler by controlling the fuel input to the boiler so as to equalize the boiler demand, calculated as the product of a quantity proportional to the rate of energy output from the boiler at the existing throttle pressure times the ratio of the desired throttle pressure to the existing throttle pressure, and the heat released to the boiler by the fuel, calculated as the sum of a quantity proportional to boiler output and the measured rate of change of drum pressure.

Abstract: An ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter in which the transmitting and receiving transducers are located in a head that is secured to the outer surface of a pipe through which the fluid to be measured flows. The head includes a thermistor responding to the temperature of the head to temperature-compensate the flow indication of the flowmeter. The Doppler-shifted received frequency is added to the transmitted frequency and the envelope of the resulting signal detected and amplified. The Doppler signal is shaped and used to switch on a current source for a fixed time interval at a rate dependent upon the Doppler frequency. The thermistor located in the transducer head varies, in accordance with temperature, the magnitude of the switched current. The switched current is integrated and used to supply the signal to the output meter.

Abstract: In a power distribution system comprising interconnected distribution areas which includes a jointly owned unit, that jointly owned unit is controlled to allocate regulating outputs for the areas participating in the joint ownership in accordance with the percentage of ownership, the amount and direction of change in generation requested by the participating areas and the rate limited capability of the unit.

Abstract: The displacement of the diaphragm in a differential pressure sensor of the differential capacitor type produces an output signal substantially linearly related to the displacement. The capacitors are charged in parallel from a constant current source for a fixed period of time and discharged through separate discharge circuits for another fixed period of time. An integrating differential amplifier connected to the two capacitors as they discharge produces an output signal related to the area between the two discharge curves which is substantially linearly related to the extent of displacement of the diaphragm of the differential pressure sensor. The output from the amplifier is used to control the current output from the device.

Abstract: The membrane of an ion selective electrode is tested for damage while it is being used for continuous measurement by sending a test current through the electrode system and measuring the voltage change produced. If the voltage change does not reach the value expected with an intact high resistance electrode, a defective electrode is indicated. A reverse current of the same magnitude and duration is then sent through the electrode system.

Abstract: An ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter is provided with a frequency-to-voltage converter comprising a pair of interconnected filp-flops triggered by the Doppler frequency and a submultiple of the transmission frequency which produces a series of output pulses having a repetition rate determined by the Doppler frequency and a pulse duration inversely related to the frequency of transmission of the ultrasonic transmitter.

Abstract: An expendable immersion thermocouple having a ceramic body member and a plastic tailpiece for supporting the thermocouple and producing a cavity into which a refractory cement is poured to secure the thermocouple in place. The tailpiece is provided with axially-extending resilient arms with enlarged end portions to serve as latching devices to temporarily hold the tailpiece to the ceramic body.

Abstract: Control of the throttle pressure in a drum boiler-turbine system is accomplished by controlling the rate of fuel feed with a cascade control system. When fuel feed cannot be directly measured, but is computed from boiler output, the controllers in the system are decoupled to prevent their interaction. The primary control responds to throttle pressure deviation to produce a heat release demand signal which is compared to the calculated heat release. A signal produced by summing components of the heat release calculation, namely steam flow and rate of change of drum pressure, is used to cancel out any contribution to the input to the primary controller by changes in throttle pressure resulting from disturbances in the fuel feed, which disturbances will be corrected by the secondary or fuel feed controller.

Abstract: In a polarographic cell of the type which avoids depletion of the species being measured in the sample, the fouling of the membrane covering of the cell is detected by utilizing an electrode which can be substituted for that electrode from which the species being measured is electrochemically generated. That electrode is spaced remotely from the closely spaced anode and cathode so that when it is substituted depletion of the species being measured occurs outside the membrane. By comparing the current output from the cell when it is operating in its normal mode with the output when it is operating with the substitute electrode, as by dividing one value by the other, the degree of fouling of the membrane covering the cell is determined.

Abstract: A method for linearizing the measurement of the volume loading of a fluid sample when it is determined by measuring the forward scattered light. The scattered light measurement which measures the volume loading is divided by a value related to a measure of the undiffracted light after it has passed through the sample.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a radiation gathering device having a narrow acceptance angle and mounted in a multiburner boiler to sight substantially across the discharge end of the burner nozzle. Radiation collected by the gathering device is transmitted by a fiber optic path to a radiation detecting device. The manner in which the apparatus is constructed and mounted insures that the radiation detecting device will be responsive only to the radiation resulting from the associated burner and not influenced by radiation from other burners in the boiler installation, or radiation from the boiler itself.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and means for continuously controlling the consumption of power by an industrial customer wherein the control is accomplished by controlling the generation of the customer's own power source and/or his load in response to a signal representing the change necessary to make the energy consumed equal the demand limit. The gain of the control response is modified so that it is increased with increases in the difference between the energy actually consumed and the desired consumption.

Abstract: A multipoint recorder having a counter for producing sequential address signals for sequential selection by randomly addressable input switching means and recording by randomly addressable recording means. A randomly addressable visual display indicating the point being recorded is also connected to the common bus output of the counter. This provides a recorder in which no circuit or mechanical means is required solely to provide synchronization of the input switching means, the recording means and the visual display.