Abstract: Reaction of pyrazolones and methyleneindolines with orthoformic esters is an advantageous one-step process for preparing asymmetrical methine dyes.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of N,N′-carbonyldiazoles in a particularly advantageous manner by reacting corresponding azolide salts with phosgene in an aromatic compound or an ether as solvent. The azolide salts are preferably prepared by a novel process from an azole that is reacted with a compound of the formula M′R7 or MgR8Z′ in the presence of a solvent.

Abstract: Trifluoromethyl-substituted biphenylcarboxylic acids are prepared by converting methyl-substituted biphenylcarbonitriles into the corresponding trichloromethyl-substituted biphenylcarbonitriles, converting the trichloromethyl group thereof to a trifluoromethyl group and thus obtaining trifluoromethyl-substituted biphenylcarbonitriles, and preparing the corresponding carboxylic acids therefrom by hydrolysis. A number of intermediates arising during this are novel compounds.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrochromic devices that are protected against UV light by nanoparticles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the stereoselective preparation of cyclohexylcyanohydrins by reaction of 4-substituted cyclohexanones with a cyanide source in the presence of an oxynitrilase.

Abstract: The invention relates to pigment preparation having (a) at least one organic pigment, (b) at least one optionally ionically modified phenol-styrene polyglycol ether, and (c) at least one surface-active agent that is (i) an oxalkylated acetylene glycol of formula (I)  wherein n is 0 to 14, m is 0 to 14, and m+n is 0 to 14, and/or (ii) compounds having the formulas (II), (III), and (IV)  wherein R is C6-C18-alkyl. R1 independently denotes H or C1-C4-alkyl, p is from 3 to 60, R2 is R or optionally C1-C18-alkyl-substituted phenyl, X is —SO3−, —SO2−, —PO3═, or —CO—(R3)—COO−; R3 is a divalent aliphatic or aromatic radical, and Kat is a cation.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation and use as catalysts of diphosphines of the formula (I) in which R is C6-C14-aryl or C4-C13-heteroaryl containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl radicals may optionally be substituted by halogen, C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkoxy, and/or trimethylsilyl, and R1 to R4, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, C1-C10-alkyl, C1-C10-alkoxy, F, Cl, or Br.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering alkali metal fluorides and/or difluorides from waste mixtures containing alkali metal chlorides and/or alkali metal fluorides and/or difluorides and, optionally, organic compounds, by (a) subjecting a waste mixture comprising one or more alkali metal chlorides and/or one or more alkali metal fluorides and/or difluorides and, optionally, one or more organic compounds, to a thermal/oxidative pre-treatment and/or an extractive pre-treatment, and (b) bringing the pre-treated mixture into contact with hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Piperidines are prepared in an advantageous manner by catalytic hydrogenation of activated pyridines in the presence of palladium catalysts if the palladium catalyst is palladium-on-carbon and the solvents are aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Electrochromic assemblies having a layer structure, characterized in that two layers each contain an electrically conductive, electrochromic polydioxythiophene selected from the same group of substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing trimethylolpropane with simultaneous formation of formate salts of the formula M(OOCH)n  (I), where M represents the alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and/or the alkaline earth metals beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium and n is 1 when M is an alkali metal and is 2 when M is an alkaline earth metal, where n-butyraldehyde, formaldehyde and a base are reacted by the inorganic Cannizzaro process and the reaction mixture formed is subjected to vapour pressure filtration as a suspension, if appropriate after partly removing distillable constituents, such as water.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing metal complexes of polyvalent metal ions with azo compounds of formula (I) or tautomeric structures, in which R and R′ are —OH, —NH2, —NH—CN, aryl-amino, acylamino, or p-chlorophenyl, and R1 and R1′ are independently —OH or —NH2, that intercalate an intercalate by (1) stirring an aqueous dispersion of an alkali metal salt of the azo compound with the polyvalent metal salt at 10 to 35° C., (2) admixing an aqueous solution, dispersion, or emulsion of the intercalate, (3) passing the mixture through a reaction zone at 85 to 140° C., while regulating the pH so that the product dispersion leaving the reaction zone has a pH of 0.5 to 3, (4) adjusting the pH of the mixture to at least pH 5, and (5) isolating the intercalated metal complex.

Abstract: 1-Alkyl-pyrazole-5-carboxylic esters are obtained with surprisingly low proportions of 1-alkyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic esters if a 2,4-diketo ester and/or an enolate thereof is reacted with an alkylhydrazine and/or a corresponding alkylhydrazinium salt, if appropriate, in the presence of a solvent and/or of water, in such a manner that during at least about 90% of the reaction free alkylhydrazine is present.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing trimethylol compounds and formic acid by reaction of formaldehyde and aldehydes in the presence of a nitrogen base and distillation of the resulting reaction mixture in the presence of an auxiliary.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing 2-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ethylamine in an advantageous manner by (a) converting trifluoromethoxybenzene by halomethylation into halogenomethyl-1-trifluoromethoxybenzene, (b) converting the halogenomethyl-1-trifluoromethoxybenzene by halogen-cyano exchange into 4-(trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetonitrile, and (c) reducing the 4-(trifluoromethoxyphenyl)acetonitrile using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form 2-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ethylamine. The first step of this process also represents an advantageous process for preparing 4-bromomethyl- and 4-chloromethyl-1-trifluoromethoxybenzene.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of 4,6-dichloropyrimidine by reacting 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine with phosgene as chlorinating agent in the presence of a nitrogen-containing auxiliary.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 4,6-dichloro-pyrimidine by reaction of 4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine with an acid chloride in the presence of a hydrogen halide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of 2,6-dichloro-5-fluoronicotinic acid by hydrolyzing 2,6-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-cyanopyridine by (a) dissolving 2,6-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-cyanopyridine at 70 to 90° C. in sulfuric acid having a concentration of 90 to 99% by weight and hydrolyzing the 2,6-dichloro-5-fluoro-3-cyanopyridine at 70 to 100° C. to the corresponding carboxamide, (b) cooling the resultant reaction mixture to a temperature in the range from 10 to 65° C., (c) metering in water until the concentration of sulfuric acid is 55 to 75% by weight (calculated relative to the sulfuric acid employed in stage (a) and the water employed in stage (c)) while keeping the temperature between 30 and 65° C. during the addition of the first quarter of the water and keeping the temperature between 50 and 80° C. during the addition of the second quarter of the water, and (d) completing hydrolysis of the resultant mixture to 2,6-dichloro-5-fluoronicotinic acid at 70 to 110° C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a continuous process for preparing perylenes by (a) continuously mixing a melt of the leuco form of a perylene tetracarboxylic diimide obtained by alkaline fusion of naphthalimide with a continuous water-containing stream containing (1) 2 to 50 parts of water per part of melt, (2) 0 to X1 moles of oxidizing agent per mole of the leuco form, (3) 0 to Y1 parts by weight of processing additives, based on the leuco form, and (4) 0 to Z1 parts by weight of an acid, based on the leuco form of the perylene tetracarboxylic diimide, to form a slurry; and (b) optionally mixing the slurry in one or more continuous or batchwise steps with a second stream containing (1) 0 to 10 parts by weight of water, based on the slurry, (2) 0 to X2 moles of oxidizing agent per mole of the leuco form of the perylene tetracarboxylic diimide, with the proviso the total of X1 and X2 represents at least the molar amount of oxidizing agent theoretically needed to oxidize all of the leuco form of the perylene tetr

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing amines of formula (I) R1—CH2—NH2  (I), wherein R1 represents optionally branched C1-C12-alkyl, C3-C8-cycloalkyl, C6-C12-aryl or C6-C12-aryl substituted with halogen-and/or C1-C12-alkyl, C7-C10-aralkyl or C7-C10-aralkyl substituted on the aryl radical by halogen and/or C1-C12-alkyl, or an aldose residue of the formula CiH2i+1Oi in which i is 2 to 5 and wherein one hydrogen of the aldose residue is optionally replaced by a saccharide residue, by catalytically hydrogenating aldehydes of formula (II) R1—CHO  (II), wherein R1 has the meaning indicated for formula (I), in the presence of ammonia, a hydrogenation catalyst, and disodium tetraborate.