Abstract: The invention relates to compositions and methods for targeting sequence modifications in one or more genes of a related family of genes using enhanced homologous recombination techniques. These techniques may be used to create animal or plant models of disease as well as to identify new targets for drug or pathogen screening.

Abstract: A technique for immobilizing biological molecules, in particular nucleic acid strands, is described. Biological molecules immobilized at surfaces can be used in electron-transfer detection techniques in which a binding partner of a biological molecule is brought into proximity of the surface-immobilized biological molecule, an electrical potential created between the two biologically-binding species, and electron transfer through the species determined. Another technique involves immobilizing a bioligical molecule such as a protein, DNA, etc. at a surface via a self-assembled monolayer, affecting the biological molecule via, for example, biological binding, inducing a change in conformation via a prion, etc., and detecting an electronic property change in the molecule via a change in inpedence associated with an electronic circuit addressed by the biological molecule. These technique facilitates combinatorial array detection articles.