Abstract: The principle and some applications of multiphoton pumped upconverted lasers (MU-LASER) in complex molecules like said material is demonstrated. Weak linear absorption and strong multiphoton absorption and upconverted fluorescence of said material in the form of integrated waveguides is responsible for the MU-LASER action of upconverting narrow band infrared wavelength to visible spectrum of bandwidth.about.50 nm and peak at 570 nm. Applications in efficient upconversion of diode laser wavelengths, displays, and two types of surface-emitting MU-LASERs for high definition television (HDTV) are produced.

Abstract: A reusable, miniature, implantable electrochemical sensor, a method of making the same, and a powder therefor are provided. Enzyme material is immobilized on bulk particulate matter, and a reaction chamber of the sensor is then filled therewith. The sensor is implanted in an environment where it comes into contact with a specific component of a fluid with which the enzyme material chemically reacts to produce electrical signals for measuring the reaction. The method preferred for preparing the powder which is used in the electrochemical sensor involves first covalently bonding a quantity of an enzyme to fine particles in powder form to immobilize the enzyme is cross-linked to a non-enzyme protein with a cross-linking agent. Finally, the particles are added containing the immobilized enzyme cross-linked to a protein from the first step to the enzyme cross-linked to a protein from the second step to obtain the powder.

Abstract: A method of producing a concrete container for storage of radioactive waste includes the steps of providing a double-walled mold with an inner and an outer wall, the mold being open at the top and having an interior for receiving the radioactive waste. The space between the inner and the outer walls is filled with fibers. Subsequently, a concrete mixture is filled into the space between the inner and the outer walls to a level below the uppermost layer of fibers. The interior is closed off by a cover plate. After placing more fibers onto the cover plate a concrete mixture is poured onto the fibers until they are completely covered. Alternatively, it is possible to place a cover plate onto the inner wall for closing of the interior after insertion of the radioactive waste, fill the space between the inner and the outer walls with fibers, and place additional fibers onto the cover plate.

Abstract: A reusable, miniature, implantable electrochemical sensor, a method of making the same, and a powder therefor are provided. Enzyme material is immobilized on bulk particulate matter, and a reaction chamber of the sensor is then filled therewith. The sensor is implanted in an environment where it comes into contact with a specific component of a fluid with which the enzyme material chemically reacts to produce electrical signals for measuring the reaction.

Abstract: A displacement measuring method and device is disclosed in which speckle amplitude interferometry within a single speckle feature or a small number of features of a speckle pattern is used to achieve sub-fringe accuracy with a single detector and to measure displacement of the object under investigation with sub-wavelength accuracy at measurement speeds consistent with real-time control of manufacturing processes. The same technique applied to multiple spots on a sample with optical means for causing interference between different combinations of scattered fields, including fields from different illuminated spots, permits measurements of the total sample motion.

Abstract: In microelectronic processing, the method of producing complex, two-dimensional patterns on a photosensitive layer with dimensions in the extreme submicron range. A photosensitive layer is first exposed to two beams of coherent radiation to form an image of a first interference pattern on the surface of the layer. The layer is subsequently exposed to one or more interference pattern(s) that differ from the first interference pattern in some way, such as by varying the incident angle of the beams, the optical intensity, the periodicity, rotational orientation, translational position, by using complex amplitude or phase masks in one or both of the coherent beams, or a combination of the above. Desired regions of the complex pattern thus produced are isolated with a further exposure of the photosensitive layer using any conventional lithography.