Abstract: An electronic ballast for a discharge lamp includes a capacitive storage device which is serially connected with an AC power source and the lamp. A first combination of switches, arranged in a bridge configuration, alternately reverse the polarity in which the capacitive storage device is connected. A second combination of switches periodically bypasses the capacitive storage device and momentarily places the AC power source directly in series with the lamp.

Abstract: An electron-beam-pumped laser includes a cathode ray tube containing a laser crystal, an electron gun for producing an electron beam including a multi-element focusing electrode layer on an inner surface of the tube for effecting focusing of the beam on the laser crystal, and a multi-element deflection electrode layer on an inner surface of the tube for effecting scanning of the beam across the laser crystal. The laser crystal is disposed on a metal heat-conductive support which is adapted for accurately positioning the laser crystal in closely spaced relationship with respect to the electron gun and to a laser light emitting window of the tube.

Abstract: Warning of engagement of a vehicle's ABS is provided by a warning sound such as a horn or pre-recorded sound. The warning sound is produced when the vehicle's speed exceeds a predetermined threshold. Alternatively, the warning sound may be adjusted to increase in volume with higher speeds. The warning sound warns drivers outside the vehicle.

Abstract: A display device including a vacuum envelope having an electroluminescent screen, an electron source and a branched network of electron-transport ducts having at least one entrance for electrons and at least two exits at end portions of the network. An electron current flows from the entrance to a desired one of the exits via nodes in the network. The network exits corresponding to one entrance form a two or three dimensional array of exits. Preferably, the distance, via the network, between an entrance and its corresponding exits is equal.

Abstract: A description follows of a circuit arrangement for selectively processing a first or a second high-frequency signal, which guarantees a proper broadband separation of the high-frequency signals comprisinga first inserting device for inserting the first high-frequency signal from a common waveguide arrangement into a first signal processing branch, a second inserting device for inserting the second high-frequency signal from the common waveguide arrangement into a second signal processing branch, a switchable high-frequency amplifying arrangement in each signal processing branch for selectively switching and amplifying, and blocking respectively, the associated inserted high-frequency signal, anda transmission arrangement in each signal processing branch for transmitting the associated high-frequency signal from the first or second respectively, inserting device to the associated, switchable high-frequency amplifying arrangement, in which each of the transmission arrangements comprises a high-frequency preampl

Abstract: A communication system connects stationary and second entities via a cellular radio intermediate network. Each such entity has its own network that is separate from the intermediate network, and connects to the intermediate network by a gateway device. A gateway transfers a message while executing protocol conversion under interpretation of a message header. The conversion maintains in the header at least a predetermined subset of the following: Source Address, Geographic Address, Priority Level, Reliability Level, Delay Requirement, Expiry Time and Repetition Time. A critical distinction exists between connectionless and connection-oriented service.

Abstract: Saddle-shaped, flared deflection coil for display tubes, having two arcuate connection portions at the ends and two interposed coil flanks located at both sides of a window. The coil is wound by making use of two wire bundles which are simultaneously fed (by means of two winding arms or flyers). At certain instants during the winding process, the flyers can be moved apart in such a way that a pin can be inserted between the wire bundles. The result is a coil having (triangular) apertures in the flank portions in which one wire bundle extends along one side of each aperture and the other wire bundle extends along another side.

Abstract: After a plate of electrically insulating, particularly hard and brittle material has been provided with a mask having a very large number of patterned apertures, it is exposed to at least one jet of abrasive powder particles, which jet is moved relative to the plate. In this way a plate is manufactured with a pattern of apertures and/or cavities which are eminently suitable for manipulating electron currents in electronic displays. Plates manufactured in this way may be used, for example, as control plates, spacer plates, or electron transport duct plates in electronic displays.

Abstract: In Deformed Helix Ferro-electric liquid crystal display devices (DHFLCDs) the memory effect in video applications is interrupted by adapting the data voltages of matrix displays based on MIMs or TFTs, dependent on the data in a previous frame, so that the polarization within a cell always switches to a fixed value (zero). In other types of displays (based on diodes) or for less rapid applications, the polarization can also be readily set at this value.

Abstract: Picture display device comprising a plurality of electron transport ducts or transporting electrons in the form of electron currents, and selection electrodes for withdrawing each electron current at predetermined locations from its transport duct and for directing said current towards a luminescent screen. The selection electrodes are driven by a selection driver comprising integrated driver circuits having outputs which are DC-coupled to the selection electrodes and are cascaded as regards their power supply voltages in such a way that they apply both selection pulses and transport (bias) voltage to the selection electrodes.

Abstract: A toaster has electrical parts which are energized from a mains voltage. The bread is conveyed to a toasting chamber (4) by means of a lift (6) and a handle (12). In the end position of the handle (12) a main switch (SW5) is turned on, as a result of which the electrical parts can be powered from the mains voltage. The heating elements receive mains voltage via triacs controlled by a microcontroller. After completion of the toasting cycle the microcontroller turns off the heating elements, which precludes burning of the bread, even if the main switch remains in its on-position as a result of a mechanical defect. Subsequently, the microcontroller checks the presence of the mains voltage. In that case a signalling device is activated to warn the user that the mains voltage supply to the toaster has not yet been turned off.

Abstract: A printed antenna comprises an end fed elongate first dipole element (12) provided on one side of a dielectric substate (10). A second dipole element (16, 17) is provided on the opposite side of the dielectric substrate. The second dipole comprises first and second elongate elements (16, 17) disposed one on each side of the longitudinal axis of the first dipole element as viewed through the substrate. A ground plane (14) on the second side of the substrate is connected to the first and second elements (16, 17) at a distance from a free end of the first dipole element corresponding substantially to a quarter wavelength of the frequency (or centre frequency) above interest. The first and second elements (16, 17) are a quarter of a wavelength long and may be inclined relative to the first dipole element (12) or extend parallel thereto (4 (not shown)). Pairs of the printed antennas may be connected with switching elements to form antenna diversity arrangements.

Abstract: An electron-optical device comprising a cathode ray tube with an envelope comprising an electron gun for producing an electron beam, whose inner surface carries a multi-element layer electrode such as a helical structure formed from a high-ohmic resistance material, which structure constitutes a focusing lens. A deflection system is used for moving the focused electron beam across a laser crystal arranged in the tube. Due to the laser action of the crystal, a scanning laser is realized. The laser light leaves a window in the tube envelope. The window extends at an angle between 20.degree. and 60.degree. to the longitudinal axis of the tube which is parallel to the electron beam incident on the laser crystal. Used in, inter alia, projection tubes and electron beam-pumped lasers (for example, scanning lasers).

Abstract: A display device with a DAF-gun (Dynamic Astigmatism and Focusing) in which the first focusing electrode (G3a) has at the side facing the pre-focusing part of the electron gun three elongated apertures (36, 37, 38). Hereby in operation in the vicinity of the elongated apertures an electron-optical field is generated between the pre-focusing part of the electron gun and the elongated apertures for reduction of the vertical dimension (vertical meaning transverse to the plane of the electron beams) of the beam size of the electron beams in the main lens. This reduction of the electron beam size results in an increase of the vertical dimension of the beam spot on the screen. This reduces Moire effects.

Abstract: In a matrix display of light reflecting elements, each element is duty cycle modulated into one of two states represented by successive bits of a digital display code to produce a luminance level represented by the code. In order to correct a visual artifact which occurs when the human eye views the element during only part of the modulation cycle for the code, the element is repeatedly sequentially activated for short periods into optical states represented by the most significant bits of the code.

Abstract: Color cathode ray tube (1) device having an electron gun (6) of the in-line type for generating three electron beams (7,8,9), a display screen (10) and deflection coils (11) for scanning the electron beams over the display screen. The electron gun includes a main lens part for focusing the electron beams on the display screen, the main lens part comprising main lens electrodes (26, 27) having apertures for passing of the electron beams, at least one of said main lens electrodes comprising two sub-electrodes (26a, 26b) adjacent to each other, each of the sub-electrodes having a central (311, 321) and two outer apertures (312, 322, 313, 323), whereby in operation between the adjacent sub-electrodes an astigmatic quadrupole field is generated. For the central apertures of the sub-electrodes it holds:xQa.ltoreq.xQband for the two outer apertures of the sub-electrodes it holds:yQa.ltoreq.yQb.

Abstract: A sealed neutron tube with magnetic confinement of the electrons by permanent magnets. The sealed tube contains a D-T gas mixture under low pressure, fitted with a target, an extraction-acceleration electrode (EAE) and an ion source with 2n Penning cells having anodes in a single cathode cavity and one permanent magnetization system (PMS) per cell. The ions, formed in the ion source, by means of the simultaneous presence of an electric and magnetic field, are accelerated by the EAE and projected onto the target in order to cause emission of neutrons therefrom. In this tube, half (n) of the PMS is magnetized to a nominal value and the other half is weakly magnetized or unmagnetized.

Abstract: A method of forming copper patterns on a selection plate for a display, the selection plate having a plurality of holes. The method provides copper patterns that form selected tracks on the selection plate and that are disposed internally of selected holes, the copper patterns being sealed with a corrosion-resistant layer of nickel-phosphorous. The method includes steps of forming a copper layer on at least one surface of the selection plate, forming a layer of nickel-boron on the copper layer, using cataphoretic lithographic processing to form the desired patterns, and providing a nickel-phosphorous layer to seal the patterns.

Abstract: The receiver which comprises a flat picture screen (20) has an antenna which comprises two articulated main plates (4, 5) symmetrically disposed on either one of the two sides of the screen, and forming an angle with each other, as well as two plates (2, 3) parallel with the screen and symmetrical to each other relative to the median vertical plane (19) of the screen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a controllable thermionic electron emitter for vacuum tubes, which comprises an emitter layer (3, 27) and a control layer (5) which is separated from the emitter layer by an insulating layer (4), with the insulating layer and the control layer being manufactured by a deposition process. Also when its dimensions are small, such an electron emitter can be dimensionally accurately manufactured. All functional elements of the controllable thermionic electron emitter, more particularly control layer(s) (5, 7, 22, 24), emitter layer (3, 27) and separating insulating layers (2, 4, 6, 21, 23, 25) are successively deposited on a substrate (1, 20) in the direction of growth, in such a manner that the layers adhere to each other via solid boundary layers. In operation and, in particular, when the temperature varies, the dimensional accuracy of the electron emitter is preserved within narrow limits, and said electron emitter has a long service life.