Abstract: A method of converting coal and other solid carbonaceous material to gaseous and liquid products by heating the coal in the presence of the gaseous effluent to a sufficient temperature for pyrolyzing the coal to produce liquid and gaseous products. Thereafter, further gasifying the coal to produce a gaseous effluent to be used in subsequent steps to produce liquid and gaseous products.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for removing phenols from an underground gasification zone by injecting an alkaline material to convert at least a portion of the phenols to the corresponding salt and producing the solution of said salt. Thereafter, the salt can be converted to the free phenol or merely evaporated to dryness. In both of these cases, the phenol or salt can be incinerated.

Abstract: Hot gases from an underground coal gasification operation are used to pyrolyze mined coal, which is subsequently used for surface steam generation, the steam being utilized in the underground coal gasification operation. Valuable gases and hydrocarbon liquids are obtained from the process.

Abstract: Modified Claus furnace containing, in addition to primary reaction chamber, a secondary chamber in heat exchange with said primary reaction chamber wherein H.sub.2 S is cracked to supply hydrogen needed downstream in a clean-up system. This eliminates the need for supplemental hydrogen generator now usually provided for in a sulfur recovery system. A catalyst such as cobalt-molybdenum can be used in the secondary reaction chamber.

Abstract: To locate wireline tools in wellbores using collarless or butt joint casing, a magnetic marker is applied at selected positions on the casing before or after placing the casing in a well, such marker being capable of being located by a conventional casing collar locator. Apparatus to apply the marker is also shown.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of oil recovery wherein a miscibility-generating fluid and a reservoir-heating medium are injected into an oil-bearing formation for which it was heretofore believed miscibility could not be generated. By injecting the heating medium, such as steam, with a miscibility-generating fluid, the minimum miscibility pressure of the fluid is lowered and miscibility is effected at a reservoir pressure below the fracture pressure of the formation.

Abstract: A method for displacing hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean reservoir by injecting a displacing fluid comprising a primary fluid such as carbon dioxide or rich gas, and an additive such as nitrogen, methane, flue gas, propane, butane, LPG, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and mixtures thereof, said additive having a concentration sufficient to adjust the phase equilibrium of mixtures of the displacing fluid with reservoir hydrocarbons. The additive adjusts the phase equilibrium so that utilization of the displacing fluid is more efficient.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the displacing reservoir fluids, such as a rich gas, through a subterranean reservoir, such as a gas-condensate reservoir, wherein a displacement fluid is introduced into a reservoir and it is displaced along with the reservoir fluids through the reservoir. The displacement fluid develops in situ miscibility with the reservoir fluids at the temperature and pressure of the reservoir and comprises a nonoxidizing gas and fluids produced from the reservoir. The nonoxidizing fluid can be selected from a group consisting of carbon dioxide, flue gas, nitrogen, and combinations of these, and the fluids produced from the reservoir are in the form of dry hydrocarbon gas.

Abstract: A method of converting coal and other solid carbonaceous material to gaseous and liquid products by heating the coal in the presence of the gaseous effluent to a sufficient temperature for pyrolyzing the coal to produce liquid and gaseous products. Thereafter, further gasifying the coal to produce a gaseous effluent to be used in subsequent steps to produce liquid and gaseous products.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for forming a carbon dioxide-containing mixture which is miscible with crude oil. The method comprises maintaining a mixture of crude oil and carbon dioxide in an extraction zone at a temperature and pressure such that multiple phase equilibrium is achieved therebetween. A carbon dioxide-rich phase that includes a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons is withdrawn and is miscible with the reservoir crude oil when injected into the reservoir from which the crude oil was produced.

Abstract: An indirect hydrogen sulfide conversion process for the production of elemental hydrogen and sulfur. The process is based upon the electrochemical oxidation of iodide in an aqueous solution with a pH in the range of 0 to 1 at high current densities and current efficiencies. Hydrogen gas is produced concurrently with soluble triiodide. Treatment of a gaseous or non-aqueous liquid stream with electrolyte solutions containing triiodide yields a sulfur product in plastic form. The sulfur product can be recrystallized from a solvent to yield sulfur of comparable purity to that presently produced.

Abstract: Forming polystyrene foam by extruding polystyrene, nucleating agent, physical blowing agent, and water where the physical blowing agent and water are injected into extruder to provide blowing system. The product produced has small cells at junction points between membranes of the foam.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the continuous application of base cups to rounded bottom bottles including continuous feed of bottle and base cups and continuous removal of completed bottles. Further, a novel system is shown for applying glue or adhesive to the bottoms of the bottles for application of the base cup thereto.

Abstract: A reclaim system for plastic bottles whereby the bottles are held between moving belts and the contaminated portion sawed from the uncontaminated portion, thereby permitting suitable reclaim of the respective parts. The method of operation is also shown.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for heat setting side walls of biaxially oriented thermoplastic resin containers to reduce shrinkage of the container and container treated by the process. Heating is by infrared radiation while shielding portions of the container. The apparatus comprises container handling systems to provide a fully automated system capable of being incorporated in present container production lines.

Abstract: A method of producing a nonwoven fabric from a web of fibers, said fibers being substantially nonreactive to microwave energy, comprising applying a microwave reactive material to fibers in said web, subjecting the web to microwave energy at a temperature and for a time to heat said microwave reactive material sufficiently to cause bonding at at least some of the fiber intersections in said web thereby producing a nonwoven web. The resulting nonwoven fabric has a number of uses and is especially suitable as primary carpet backing.

Abstract: A process of producing a modified polyester foam having a density of 0.

Abstract: A web is placed on a grooved cylinder, folded by pressing it into the cylinder grooves, and attached to a backing sheet to form a pile fabric. Folding is performed by rollers with blades which enter and move along the length of the grooves. The rollers are guided precisely by guide members on their opposite axial sides. To prevent the rollers from pushing the textile material across the grooved cylinder surface, the rollers are rotated independently of their contact with the web.

Abstract: Laminate suitable for use as automobile trim panel or headliner comprising the following layers: (1) polypropylene fabric, (2) a solid layer comprising a physical mixture of a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride, preferably a rubber modified copolymer, and polypropylene and (3) a foam of a copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride. The laminates can be shaped by thermoforming. Optionally the laminate can contain, on the foam side opposite the fabric, a sheet or film of a rubber modified copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride.