Abstract: A method to purify impure gaseous hydrogen chloride containing an unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminant in an amount less than that necessary to inhibit purification, comprising exposing the impure hydrogen chloride to an ultraviolet light source in the presence of gaseous chloride for a sufficient time for the gaseous chloride to react with organic impurities in the hydrogen chloride to form heavier organic compounds and thereafter separating the heavier compounds from the hydrogen chloride.

Abstract: Rectifying the compressive strength and toxic waste levels of ground water passages is achieved through the formation of a type C fly ash screen reinforcement of the passage.

Abstract: A method comprising contacting an organic polymer viscosified halide ion-containing, aqueous solution with a sufficient amount of an in situ, electrochemically generated breaker suitable to reduce the viscosity of the solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ion exchange-type electrolytic cell with electrodes retained in close proximity to each other by means of a spring element.

Abstract: An acidic, aqueous oxidant including ionized bromate, iodate and a soluble vanadium-containing material.

Abstract: The method of the present invention produces a porous, electrolyte permeable polytetrafluoroethylene diaphragm with a thickness of about 5 to about 100 mils and an average pore size of about 0.1 to about 100 microns. This diaphragm is suitable for use in an electrolytic diaphragm cell adapted to electrolytically form chlorine and an alkali metal hydroxide from an aqueous alkali chloride solution.

Abstract: High density, dead burned refractory magnesia (MgO) is produced by sintering compacts formed by simultaneously thermally dehydrating and mechanically working an aqueous slurry of magnesium hydroxide.

Abstract: An acidic, aqueous oxidant including ionized bromate, iodate and a soluble molybdenum-containing material.

Abstract: Feed cathode for an electrolytic cell with a feed conduit suited to pass a metal compound therethrough from a source to an electrolyte in the cell. The feed cathode includes a member surrounding and substantially entirely enclosing at least an outlet of the conduit. The member is at least partially formed of an electrically conductive foraminous body suited to pass the electrolyte and ions of a multivalent metal compound therethrough. Preferably, the foraminous body has an electrical coefficient of greater than zero to about 1 and a flow coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 300.

Abstract: A method to produce an electrode by coating at least a portion of a valve metal substrate sequentially with first and second liquid solutions containing different proportions of dissolved ruthenium and valve metal values; the second solution having a greater valve metal to ruthenium weight ratio than the first solution. At least a portion of the substrate is contacted with a first liquid solution containing from about 0.25 to about 50 milligrams per milliliter ruthenium, and the valve metal in an amount of from about 0.06 to about 50 milligrams per milliliter, of the solution. The weight ratio of the valve metal to ruthenium in the first solution is from about 1:4 to about 2:1. The so-contacted surface is heated to oxidize the deposited ruthenium and valve metal values. Thereafter at least the oxidized surface is contacted with a second solution containing dissolved valve metal and ruthenium values in a weight ratio of from about 20:1 to about 2:1 and heated to oxidize the deposited metal values.

Abstract: An electrode suitable for use in an electrolytic cell is dissolved. The electrode comprises: an electroconductive substrate with at least a portion of the surface thereof being a solderable metal. The electroconductive substrate abuttingly joins a film-forming metal by means of an electrically conductive, fused, non-ferrous bonding layer interposed between the solderable metal surface of the substrate and the inner surface of the film-forming metal. At least a portion of the inner surface of the film-forming metal is a solderable metal. At least a portion of the outer surface of the film-forming metal is electrocatalytically active and corresponds at least partially to the working area of the electrode. A method of producing the electrode, and its use as an anode in the electrolytic production of chlorine are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method is disclosed to produce chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorate by reacting the chlorate with HCl. The method comprises forming in a reaction vessel an aqueous reaction medium containing at least about 5.5 moles per liter of the sodium chlorate, sufficient HCl to provide an acid normality of at least about 0.002, and sufficient sodium chloride to saturate the reaction medium; boiling the reaction medium at a temperature of up to about 100.degree. C; and withdrawing a mixture containing chlorine dioxide gas, chlorine gas and water vapor from the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A method to electrolytically produce metallic titanium from compounds thereof. The method includes first positioning a foraminous metallic diaphragm with a diaphragm coefficient of greater than zero to about 0.5 when the coefficient of flow is about 0.1 to about 25 in an electrolytic cell. The cell further includes an anode spaced apart from a cathode and a titanium compound feed means by the diaphragm. A feed means is combined with the cathode compartment to supply a titanium compound to a molten salt electrolyte in the cathode compartment. The apparatus is preferably sealed from the atmosphere to avoid contamination of the bath and metal product with certain atmospheric gases. An ionizable titanium compound is subsequently introduced into the electrolyte and an electromotive force impressed between the anode and the cathode to thereby deposite metallic titanium on the cathode.

Abstract: A method to reduce corrosion of a metal conduit in an aqueous electrolyte conduit system including a nonmetallic conduit system physically attached to the metal conduit comprising impressing an electric potential between an electrode positioned at least partially within the nonmetallic conduit and a ground, the potential being at least about the difference between the electrochemical reaction potentials of reations occurring at the electrode and at the metal conduit.

Abstract: An apparatus to electrolytically produce multivalent metals, such as titanium, from compounds thereof. The apparatus includes a suitable containing body with an anode and a cathode in compartments therein spaced apart by a foraminous metallic diaphragm. The diaphragm has a diaphragm coefficient of greater than zero to about 0.5 when the coefficient of flow is about 0.1 to about 25. A multivalent metal compound feed means is combined with the cathode compartment to supply a multivalent metal compound to a molten salt electrolyte in the cathode compartment. The apparatus is sealed from the atmosphere to avoid contamination of the bath and metal product with certain atmospheric gases. Means of providing sufficient electrical and thermal energy to operate the cell are provided.

Abstract: Feed cathode for an electrolytic cell with a feed conduit suited to pass a metal compound therethrough from a source to an electrolyte in the cell. The feed cathode includes a member surrounding and substantially entirely enclosing at least an outlet of the conduit. The member is at least partially formed of an electrically conductive foraminous body suited to pass the electrolyte and ions of a multivalent metal compound therethrough. Preferably, the foraminous body has an electrical coefficient of greater than zero to about 1 and a flow coefficient of from about 0.1 to about 300.

Abstract: A method to produce an electrode by coating at least a portion of a valve metal substrate sequentially with first and second liquid solutions containing different proportions of dissolved ruthenium and valve metal values; the second solution having a greater valve metal to ruthenium weight ratio than the first solution. At least a portion of the substrate is contacted with a first liquid solution containing ruthenium and the valve metal in amounts of from about 1 to about 50 milligrams per milliliter of the solution. The weight ratio of the valve metal to ruthenium in the first solution is from about 1:4 to about 2:1. The so-contacted surface is heated to oxidize the deposited ruthenium and valve metal values. Thereafter at least the oxidized surface is contacted with a second solution containing dissolved valve metal and ruthenium values in a weight ratio of from about 20:1 to about 2:1 and heated to oxidize the deposited metal values.

Abstract: Strontium values are recovered from a brine that contains strontium and calcium salts by admixing, with the brine, strontium sulfate seed and a water soluble sulfate and recovering the strontium sulfate that is thereby produced. The soluble sulfate should be more soluble in the brine than is SrSO.sub.4.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell system wherein an alkali metal chloride is electrolized to produce chlorine and alkali metal hydroxide in a diaphragm-type cell by feeding an aqueous slurry of an alkali metal chloride particulate to an anode compartment of the cell through at least one primary conduit and then a secondary conduit at a linear velocity of at least 6.5 feet per second. The secondary conduit has an interior cross-sectional area up to about 0.2 square inch and less than that of the primary conduit. By means of the described feed system, substantially uniform quantities of the aqueous slurry can be substantially simultaneously and continuously fed to a plurality of anode compartments.

Abstract: Improved apparatus and process to electrolytically produce chlorine gas and an alkali metal hydroxide in a diaphragm cell. The improved process comprises circulating the catholyte and contacting a foraminous cathode with an oxidizing gas having a regulatably controlled moisture content.