Abstract: A method of titrating liquor from a digester comprises removing a portion of the liquor into a sample vessel and using carbon dioxide as a titrant to determine the alkalinity of the liquor.

Abstract: A contact for a silicon device comprises a sintered nickel layer on the silicon, a layer of gold over the sintered nickel layer, and a layer of cobalt on the layer of gold.

Abstract: A piezoelectric body has a transducer on one surface. The transducer includes an electrically insulating body on the piezoelectric body; the electrically insulating body has a surface relief pattern on a surface which is opposite the piezoelectric body. An electrically conductive layer is on the electrically insulating body on the surface having the relief pattern thereon.The transducer can be formed by means of a master body. A surface of the master body, having a relief pattern thereon, is pressed against the electrically insulating body to form a relief pattern on the electrically insulating body. The electrically conductive layer is then formed on the electrically insulating body on the surface having the relief pattern thereon.

Abstract: An insulating substrate, on which is at least one single crystalline electrode and a single crystalline layer of piezoelectric material on the electrode, forms an efficient surface acoustic wave device.