Abstract: A process for liquefying coal in which a slurry comprising a petroleum or petroleum-derived solvent and particulate coal is heated in a dissolution zone to substantially dissolve the coal and produce a first effluent containing undissolved solids to which petroleum residuum is added to produce a second effluent which is distilled under reduced pressure. The process eliminates the need for physical solids separation such as filtration or centrifugation and is most advantageously employed in high-severity coal liquefaction.

Abstract: A continuous process for blending isopropanol from an aqueous solution of isopropanol directly into a stream of gasoline blending hydrocarbon by mixing the aqueous solution and the gasoline, rapidly separating the resulting mixture into two phases, for example, by passing it through water coalescer means and recovering the organic phase which consists essentially of the gasoline and isopropanol.

Abstract: A process for increasing the conversion of coal to ethyl acetate-soluble products comprising:(a) heating a slurry comprising a solvent and particulate coal in a dissolution zone to produce a first effluent slurry comprising ethyl acetate-soluble liquid components and ethyl acetate-insolubles;(b) contacting at least a portion of said first effluent slurry with hydrogen in a reaction zone in the presence of an externally-supplied hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions to produce a second effluent slurry which comprises ethyl acetate-soluble liquid components and ethyl acetate-insolubles, said ethyl acetate insolubles comprising organic components and inorganic components;(c) partitioning said ethyl acetate-insolubles in at least a portion of said second effluent slurry to provide a solids-rich fraction containing ethyl acetate-insolubles enriched in inorganic components and a solids-lean fraction containing ethyl acetate insolubles enriched in organic components; and(d) recycling at least a porti

Abstract: This invention comprises a process for hydroprocessing a petroleum oil containing soluble metals compounds while suppressing the accumulation of coke within the hydroprocessing zone, comprising the steps of (a) forming a mixture comprising particulate coal and a petroleum oil containing soluble metal compounds to form a feed slurry; and (b) contacting said feed slurry with added hydrogen in said hydroprocessing zone under hydroprocessing conditions to produce an effluent comprising a normally liquid portion having a reduced soluble metals concentration and undissolved solids containing metal from said soluble metals compounds in said petroleum oil.

Abstract: A process for producing alcohols by the direct hydration of olefins in which the ether by-product is hydrated with a large molar excess of water in a reaction zone which precedes a propylene hydration reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for producing an oxygenated fuel composition comprising gasoline and isopropanol in which a dilute propylene feedstock is hydrated to produce isopropanol in a single pass, the unreacted olefins are oligomerized to produce gasoline blending stock and the isopropanol is added directly to the gasoline pool from a water-isopropanol azeotropic mixture without the use of energy intensive extractors.

Abstract: A process for blending isopropanol from an aqueous solution of isopropanol directly into a stream of gasoline blending hydrocarbons which comprises mixing the aqueous solution with the gasoline blending hydrocarbons, allowing the mixture to separate into two phases and recovering an organic phase which consists essentially of the gasoline blending hydrocarbon and the isopropanol.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: A heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil feed is hydrogenated in a two-stage process by contacting the oil with hydrogen in the presence of added dispersed hydrogenation catalyst, suspended in the oil, and porous solid contact particles. At least part of the normally liquid product from the first stage is hydrogenated in a second stage catalytic hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A process for retorting oil shale, especially lean oil shale, which comprises heating oil shale in a retort zone in the absence of substantial molecular oxygen to evolve hydrocarbonaceous vapors therefrom, thereby producing retorted shale; burning the retorted shale with added carbonaceous material in a combustion zone in the presence of an amount of added combustion catalyst sufficient to increase the rate of combustion of said added carbonaceous material in said combustion zone; and transferring heat from the combustion zone to heat said lean shale.

Abstract: A liquid hydrocarbonaceous feedstock containing asphaltenes and optionally solids is hydroprocessed by passing the feedstock through a catalytic reaction zone in the presence of a catalyst bed containing a solid hydroprocessing catalyst under hydroprocessing conditions to produce a hydrocarbonaceous effluent containing solids. Plugging of the catalyst bed is avoided by controlling the severity of the hydroprocessing conditions in the catalytic reaction zone to maintain the aliphatic hydrogen concentration of the liquid effluent sufficiently low to prevent substantial precipitation of asphaltenes within the catalytic reaction zone.

Abstract: A heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil feed is hydrogenated in a one or two stage process by contacting the oil with hydrogen in the presence of added dispersed hydrogenation catalyst, suspended in the oil, and porous solid contact particles. In the two stage process, at least part of the normally liquid product from the first stage is hydrogenated in a catalytic hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A method for dehydrating an oxygenated fuel composition comprising at least one gasoline blending hydrocarbon component, isopropanol and water by contacting the composition with HSPAN.

Abstract: A process for converting a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock in which a catalytically hydroprocessed or a catalytically reformed feedstock is contacted under cracking conditions with an essentially alumina-free intermediate pore size zeolitic catalyst and immediately thereafter with a second essentially alumina-free intermediate pore size zeolitic catalyst under cracking conditions less severe than the first contacting conditions. The less severe conditions in the second contacting stage are preferably obtained by employing a lower temperature, although use of a less active catalyst to attain this end is a possibility. A crystalline chromia silicate having a mole ratio of oxides SiO.sub.2 :Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 of greater than about 20 to 1 and an intermediate pore size crystalline silicate of the ZSM-5 type having a mole ratio of oxides SiO.sub.2 :Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 of greater than about 200 are the preferred catalysts.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting hydrocarbons with a particulate catalyst containing a crystalline solid which has pore openings and maximum cage dimensions of 5.5-7.0 Angstroms; an active metal with both dehydrogenation activity and oxidation activity is disposed within the interior of crystals of the crystalline solid; the catalyst is cycled between a reactor and a regenerator, and the active metal is used for (1) selectively dehydrogenating paraffins and aromatizing aliphatics in the reaction zone while large-diameter coke-forming hydrocarbons are inhibited from contacting the metal, (2) facilitating catalyst regeneration by accelerating combustion of carbon from within the pores of the crystalline solid in the regenerator, so as to assure very low residual carbon levels within the crystalline solid in regenerated catalyst; and (3) oxidizing carbon monoxide in the regenerator to make available additional heat to compensate for endothermic conversion reactions in the cracking reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process subdivided coal is dissolved in a process derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further cooled to precipitate unconverted heptane-insolubles prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.

Abstract: A process for the production of an oxygenated fuel blending composition which contains isopropanol by the hydration of propylene in which the by-product diisopropyl ether is subjected to a reversion reaction and the resulting propylene is oligomerized to form olefinic gasoline.

Abstract: A process for catalytically cracking a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock employing a dual component catalyst. The process is conducted under catalytic cracking conditions, preferably in a single stage, in the absence of added hydrogen. The dual component catalyst composition comprises a crystalline chromia silicate component and a large pore size crystalline aluminosilicate cracking component.

Abstract: A process for the production of isopropanol by the hydration of propylene in which the by-product diisopropyl ether is subjected to a reversion reaction and the resulting propylene is recycled to the hydration stage.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of clean liquid hydrocarbons from coal. In the process sub-divided coal is dissolved in a process-derived solvent. The dissolver effluent is passed through a catalytic reactor operating under hydrocracking conditions, to produce normally liquid products and recycle solvent. The solvent is further subjected to treatment with an antisolvent to precipitate unconverted asphaltenes prior to recycle to the dissolution stage.