Abstract: An integrated circuit has an E-fuse sense circuit configured to produce a READ voltage according to a fuse resistance of an E-fuse during a READ operation. The integrated circuit also has a reference sense circuit configured to produce a reference voltage according to a reference resistance of an on-chip reference resistor during the READ operation. The reference sense circuit replicates the E-fuse sense circuit. The E-fuse sense circuit and the reference sense circuit are coupled to a comparator that produces a bit value according to a difference between the READ voltage and the reference voltage.

Abstract: An optical switch using a refractive optical element (52) to direct a light beam in selected directions upon operation of the switch. In a preferred embodiment, the refractive optical element is an optical wedge having a first portion (67) that transmits a light beam in a selected direction, and a second portion (50) that transmits the light beam in another direction, when the first or second portions of the optical wedge are switched into the path of the light beam. The refractive optical element is less sensitive to misalignment than a reflective element, for example. In a further embodiment, the optical wedge is combined with wavelength-selective filters (118, 128) and other components to provide a channel DROP and/or ADD function with high isolation.