Abstract: Equimolar amounts of phenol and formaldehyde may be prepared from oxygen and toluene. The catalytic oxidation of toluene, when carried out in the presence of acetic anhydride, forms phenyl acetate and methylene diacetate. Pyrolysis of these two intermediates yields phenol and formaldehyde.Significant improvements in this process are achieved when the first stage of the reaction is carried out in the presence of MoO.sub.3.In a further embodiment of this invention it has been found that Group VIII dithiosemibenzil compounds, particularly nickel dithiosemibenzil, serves as a superior promoter for the toluene oxidation reaction.In still a further embodiment of this invention it has been found that persulfate promoters such as potassium persulfate, persulfuric acid, or Caro's dry acid are particularly effective promoters for the toluene oxidation reaction.In a like manner, hydroquinone or resorcinol may be obtained from cresyl acetates.

Abstract: The oxidation of methyl benzenes with air or oxygen in the presence of acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde and an acid catalyst under mild reaction conditions yields a phenolic acetate and formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde when the ratio of acetic anhydride to methyl benzene is adjusted to provide the selective formation of the phenolic acetate and formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde. In this process, it is essential that the flow of air or oxygen through the reaction medium be maintained at a sufficient rate to provide for the continuous removal of formaldehyde as it is formed. The formaldehyde may then be recovered in the form of paraformaldehyde.

Abstract: The oxidation of methyl benzenes, such as toluene, with air or oxygen in the presence of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid catalyst to form a phenolic acetate and methylene diacetate may be carried out under mild conditions when small amounts of benzaldehyde are added to the reaction.The resulting acetates may then be pyrolyzed to yield phenolic compounds and formaldehyde, respectively.

Abstract: Oxidation of methyl benzenes with air or oxygen to form a phenolic acetate and formaldehyde or methylene diacetate may be carried out in the presence of acetic acid, phosphorus pentoxide, benzaldehyde and an acid catalyst. The resulting acetates may then be pyrolyzed to yield phenolic compounds and formaldehyde, respectively.

Abstract: Equimolar amounts of vinyl acetate and phenol may be prepared by oxidation of ethyl benzene. The catalytic oxidation, of ethyl benzene, when carried out in the presence of acetic anhydride, forms phenyl acetate and ethylidene diacetate. Pyrolysis of these two intermediates yields vinyl acetate and phenol.In a further embodiment of this invention it has been found that persulfate promoters such as potassium persulfate, persulfuric acid, or Caro's dry acid are particularly effective promoters for this oxidation reaction.

Abstract: Perfluorinated polycyclic hydrocarbons may be produced in high yield by a three-stage process comprising contacting a cyclic hydrocarbon such as an alkyladamantane with a fluoride of silver, manganese, sulfur or the like under varying reaction conditions, generally in the liquid state, to provide a partially fluorinated cyclic hydrocarbon. This fluorination is followed by a second stage vapor phase reaction with a fluoride of cobalt or the like at temperatures generally just above the boiling point of the material to yield highly fluorinated cyclic compounds, followed by a third stage reaction with the same reagent at substantially higher temperatures to provide the desired perfluorinated material. Alternatively, the partially fluorinated material for use in the second stage may be derived from known sources, using any known partially fluorinated cyclic hydrocarbon.In a further embodiment, a fluidized bed reactor may be substituted for the second and third vapor phase stages described above.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising A--V--P, where A is an alkaline earth metal, has been found to be effective in the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride. The catalyst may be employed in combination with an inert support such as TiO.sub.2. This catalyst is characterized in having high selectivity and stability over extended periods of time.

Abstract: A highly selective, one-step conversion of toluene to benzylidene diacetate is provided by the reaction of toluene with O.sub.2 and acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst. No metal catalysts are required.

Abstract: Perfluorination of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane by direct fluorination with F.sub.2 or like reagents at low temperature, using inert gaseous diluents, yields a mixture of perfluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and 3-hydro-nonadecafluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane together with lesser amounts of 3,3-dihydro-octadecafluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane. The perfluoro and nonadecafluoro-tetramethylpentane mixture is useful in synthetic blood substitute compositions.

Abstract: Novel polymeric compositions and processes for employing the same as autoxidation catalysts in the oxidation of olefins and secondary and tertiary alkylaromatic compounds are provided herein. These novel compositions comprise organometallic compounds wherein the organic compositions comprise organometallic compounds which incorporate in the backbone or on side groups in the polymer polar units capable of binding suitable metal ions which together form the oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: Acylic or cyclic epoxyalcohols can be prepared by direct oxidation of an olefin when there is employed an ion-exchanged bimetallic catalyst, wherein one metal is from Groups IB or VIII, and the other from Group V.

Abstract: Benzylidene diacetate may be converted to phenyl acetate and methylene diacetate by an acid-catalyzed reaction in the presence of oxygen or air, and acetic anhydride, at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Abstract: The process of leaching manganiferous ocean nodule ores with HCl whereby the manganese and other metals present, such as iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, and like are converted from oxides, silicates or other insoluble forms to water soluble chlorides, and are thereafter separated, purified, and the manganese recovered as MnO.sub.2 by oxidation with chlorine to provide a material suitable for use in metallurgical applications, may be improved by controlling the chlorine pressure and the pH of the leaching reaction in order to first leach out the metals other than manganese; as chloride, and thereafter recovering the manganese in the form of its silicate, aluminate, oxide, or the like.

Abstract: Pinene can be converted to perfluoro-p-menthane in high yield by first hydrogenating pinene to form pinane, and then perfluorinating the same with CoF.sub.3. Ring cleavage of the pinane to form p-menthane is achieved simultaneously with the perfluorination in a single step to obtain perfluoro-p-menthane, a valuable synthetic blood substitute material.

Abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons useful as fuels are formed by passing a mixture of CO and hydrogen (synthesis gas) over a mixture of a copper-chromium promoted iron catalyst and a type Y mole sieve at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Abstract: Geometrical isomerization of cyclic epoxy alcohols such as cis- or trans-1,2-epoxy-3-hydroxycyclohexane may be equlibrated by the use of soluble transition metal complexes having the formulaLxM.sup.n Xywherein L is a neutral ligand such as a phosphine, arsine, stibine, amine, olefin, diene, CO or the like, x is an integer of from 0-6 but when x is 2 or more L may be the same or different; M is a Group VIII metal; n is an integer of from 0-3 and denotes the valence state of the metal; X is an anionic ligand such as hydrogen, chloride, bromide, iodide, lower alkyl, trichlorostanato, cyano or the like; y is an integer of from 0-3 which is equal to n but when y is 2 or 3, X may be the same or different. When n is 0, then x equals at least 1, but when either x or y is 0, then the other integer must be at least 1.

Abstract: A pulling tool apparatus for assisting equipment to descend down a wellbore, such as logging tools being lowered into a deviated wellbore. The pulling tool includes a pump located in the tool housing for pulling drilling mud into the lower end of the pulling tool and discharging the drilling mud in an upward direction so as to provide a downward force on the logging tool and logging cables. Several pulling tools can be used at the same time, each being spaced at intervals along the logging cable.

Abstract: Perfluorination of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane by direct fluorination with F.sub.2 or like reagents at low temperature, using inert gaseous diluents, yields a mixture of perfluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and 3-hydro-nona-decafluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane together with lesser amounts of 3,3-dihydro-octadecafluoro 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane. The perfluoro and nonadecafluoro-tetramethylpentane mixture is useful in synthetic blood substitute compositions.

Abstract: Novel emulsions of non-aromatizable perfluorinated compounds are useful as blood substitutes or as perfusion materials for the storage of organs such as kidneys prior to transplant. The compounds employed are polycyclic compounds and emulsions prepared from the perfluorinated derivatives thereof possess extremely high stability, zero or extremely low ultimate residue in the body, and a vapor pressure which is just about right for use in the body without adverse effects thereon.

Abstract: Organometallic complexes formed between dialkylsulfoxides (DASO) and transition metal salts, including rare earth metals, have been found to be effective catalysts for the oxidation of olefins and secondary and tertiary alkylaromatics to form valuable oxidation products, particularly hydroperoxides, or their decomposition products.