Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus are provided for using an electrode for delivering an electrical signal to a first tissue of a patient's body. An electrode system comprises a lead and an electrode coupled to the lead. The electrode includes a stimulation portion that couples to the first tissue to deliver an electrical signal to the first tissue. The electrode also includes a dissipation portion that does not interface with the first tissue. The dissipation portion is adapted to dissipate thermal energy from the electrode.

Abstract: A method and device for treating epilepsy are disclosed which provide for electrical, chemical or magnetic stimulation of certain areas of the brain to modulate neuronal activity of areas associated with symptoms of epilepsy. Deep brain stimulation is combined with vagus nerve stimulation to enhance symptomatic relief of the disorder. Some embodiments also employ a sensing capability to optimize the therapeutic treatment regimen.

Abstract: A fluid matrix comprising cross-linked remodelable collagen from a donor vertebrate animal is useful for regenerating hydrodynamic function in damaged intervertebral discs in vivo. The matrix may be injectable and may comprise cells and a plurality of purified cell growth factors. The matrix promotes cell growth and elaboration of proteoglycans to facilitate regeneration of native tissues. The collagen in the matrix may be cross-linked using photooxidative catalysis and visible light, and purified cell growth factors are preferably at least partly bone-derived.

Abstract: An improved, non-resorbable annuloplasty ring that will provide support for the valve annulus while also promoting healing and/or regeneration of the annulus tissue is disclosed. Healing and/or regeneration of valvular tissue is promoted using a growth factor mixture that has been shown to be capable of promoting growth of a wide range of tissues, including heart valve tissue, and which promotes tissue growth based upon the local tissue environment (i.e., specific cell recruitment and proliferation). Thus, an annuloplasty ring that provides an actual healing response in addition to mechanical support to a dilated heart valve annulus is provided.

Abstract: A heart valve prosthesis includes an annular body that has a fluid passageway and at least one rigid leaflet that is pivotally mounted in the passageway of the body. The leaflet is movable between a closed position wherein the fluid passageway is substantially closed and an open position wherein the fluid passageway is not substantially closed. The heart valve prosthesis has a biasing mechanism that is connected to the body and leaflet and is configured to exert a force on the leaflet to move the leaflet to the closed position before a second fluid pressure exerted on an outflow surface of the leaflet exceeds a first fluid pressure exerted on an inflow surface of the leaflet.

Abstract: A stent includes a stent member having a plurality of post members formed therein. Each post member is connected to an adjacent post member by an interconnecting portion. A plurality of leg members extend from the stent member. The stent may be molded within a flexible polymer valve. The legs stabilize and locate the stent in the mold. Upon completion of the molding process, the legs can be separated from the stent.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preparing a bone product are provided. The method includes contacting an interior section of a cylindrical bone portion with a high pressure fluid medium such as at least about 1000 psi to remove at least a portion of cancellous bone matrix from the bone portion. Preferably the bone contains less than about 25% by weight cancellous bone. The apparatus includes multiple stations of opposing high pressure nozzles holding the cylindrical bone portion from each end and for contacting the interior surfaces of a bone portion with a fluid medium. The apparatus also includes a third nozzle for contacting the exterior surface of the bone portion with a fluid medium.

Abstract: A tri-leaflet prosthetic cardiac valve with leaflets having an analytic shape in a selected position. The leaflets are connected to a valve body at attachment curves. The shape of the leaflet is selected from a set of geometries that can be represented mathematically. The attachment curve is selected to improve the durability of the tri-leaflet valve by moving the point of maximum loaded stress along the attachment curve away from the commissures. An inner wall of the valve body is given a non-circular shape near the attachment curve, the shape of the inner wall corresponding to the attachment curve. Also, a method of making a valve by selecting an analytic leaflet shape, selecting an attachment curve to improve durability of the valve by moving the point of maximum loaded stress along the attachment curve away from the commissures, and forming a valve body to support one or more leaflets, the valve body having a non-circular inner wall conforming to the attachment curve.

Abstract: Herein is disclosed a method of cross-linking a tissue, comprising treating the tissue under effective cross-linking conditions with a diunsaturated organic compound comprising structure I: wherein R, R′, and R″ are each independently an organic moiety having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Also disclosed is a cross-linked biological tissue produced by treating the tissue according to the above method.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing antimicrobial, antithrombogenic medical devices. The method employs an antimicrobial treatment process wherein an antimicrobial agent is dissolved in an appropriate solvent and the resulting solution is contacted with a portion of a medical device of interest. The antimicrobial treatment process is advantageously performed without the need for additional compounds to facilitate antimicrobial agent uptake into the device. The method further comprises an antithrombogenic treatment process wherein antithrombogenic agents or materials are applied or otherwise associated with at least some portion of the medical device.

Abstract: A method for treating biomaterial is provided in which a biological tissue, typically after being cross-linked, is contacted with an anticalcification treatment solution under condition effective to render the biomaterial resistant to in vivo calcification upon implantation in a host animal. The anticalcification treatment solutions comprise higher alcohol solutions, a polyol solutions and/or a polar aprotic organic solvent solutions.

Abstract: A stent includes an elongated stent member having a plurality of post members. Each post member includes a pair of opposite sides. A first end of each post member includes an arcuate apex interconnecting the opposite sides. A second end of each post member has an open end. The opposite sides are angled to converge toward each other at the second end. The second end of each post member is connected to an adjacent post member by a stent portion. Each opposite side and each stent portion converge at an angle of less than 90°. The opposite sides are angled to converge toward each other at the second end.

Abstract: A polymer heart valve has a leaflet with a base geometry of a cylinder for simplicity and effective opening. A helical swept surface is added to the top of the cylinder to enhance stable coaption. The heart valve includes a plurality of flexible leaflets. Each leaflet includes a top portion and a bottom portion. The bottom portion is an axial section of a cylinder having an axis and a radius. A first section of the top portion is a surface defined by a first arc having a first radius swept along a first helix. The first arc is tangent to the axial section of the cylinder. A second section of the top portion is a surface defined by a second arc having a second radius swept along a second helix. The second arc is tangent to the axial section of the cylinder. The second helix is a left-handed helix having the same radius and axis as the cylinder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for inspecting heart valves. The method comprises projecting an actual image of a heart valve onto an image receiver, providing target data corresponding to a desired heart valve, comparing the actual image to the target data using a microprocessor, and determining whether the actual image matches the target data. The apparatus comprises a light source, a image receiver, a holder adapted to support a heart valve between said light source and the image receiver such that an actual image of the heart valve is received at the image receiver, a microprocessor in electronic communication with the image receiver. The microprocessor has access to target values for the regions of interest and compares the actual values in each region of interest to the target values to produce an output pass/fail signal.

Abstract: A radio frequency ablation apparatus having an application wand which is articulating and self-locking in a selected configuration. The wand has a handle having a thumb wheel apparatus. A threaded bore extends coaxially through the thumb wheel. A threaded tube received in the threaded bore translates a wire which extends to the distal end of the wand. At the distal end of the wand, the wire passes over a bendable section in the wand. Pushing or pulling the wire bends the distal tip through a range of angles on both sides of a neutral linear position. The distal tip remains self-locked in a selected position when the thumb screw is not turned.

Abstract: This invention provides an antimicrobial annuloplasty rings, and methods for making the same, wherein the annuloplasty rings have a desired degree of initial rigidity to facilitate ease of handling during implantation but which becomes flexible some time after implantation. The annuloplasty ring contains a relatively rigid insert enclosed by a fabric sheath, the insert being at least partly comprised of a biodegradable material. Following surgical implantation of the annuloplasty ring, the rigid insert component of the ring, upon exposure to blood and/or other physiological fluids, undergoes a controlled biodegradation which decreases its rigidity, thereby increasing the flexibility of the implanted annuloplasty ring. Furthermore, at least some portion of the annuloplasty ring of the invention has incorporated therein one or more antimicrobial agents in a manner which reduces the likelihood of device infection following implantation.

Abstract: This invention provides an antithrombogenic annuloplasty rings, and methods for making the same, wherein the annuloplasty rings have a desired degree of initial rigidity to facilitate ease of handling during implantation but which becomes flexible some time after implantation. The annuloplasty ring contains a relatively rigid insert enclosed by a fabric sheath, the insert being at least partly comprised of a biodegradable material. Following surgical implantation of the annuloplasty ring, the rigid insert component of the ring, upon exposure to blood and/or other physiological fluids, undergoes a controlled biodegradation which decreases its rigidity, thereby increasing the flexibility of the implanted annuloplasty ring. Furthermore, at least some portion of the annuloplasty ring has incorporated into or onto its structure one or more antithrombogenic agents or materials in a manner which reduces the likelihood of thrombosis following implantation.

Abstract: The invention, in a first aspect, is an apparatus for holding a flexible annuloplasty ring during implantation. The apparatus comprises a top piece including a bottom surface sized to engage substantially all of the inner diameter of the annuloplasty ring and finished to grip the annuloplasty ring; a bottom piece including a top surface sized to engage substantially all of the inner diameter of the annuloplasty ring and finished to grip the annuloplasty ring; and a haft capable of engaging the top and bottom pieces to clamp the annuloplasty ring therebetween. In a second aspect, the invention is a method of manipulating a flexible annuloplasty ring for implantation. The method comprises disposing the annuloplasty ring between a top piece and a bottom piece; and engaging the top piece and the bottom piece with a haft to clamp the annuloplasty ring between the top and bottom pieces.

Abstract: A bioprosthetic heart valve is disclosed. In a first aspect of the invention, a prosthetic heart valve comprises three mammalian heart valve leaflets, each valve leaflet including a full root length of tissue, the valve leaflets being affixed to one another to define a fluid flow passage, the fluid flow through which may be governed by the valve leaflets. In a second aspect the heart valve comprises a plurality of heart valve leaflets affixed to one another to define a fluid flow passage, the fluid flow through which may be governed by the valve leaflets; and a permanent trimming guide on at least one of the plurality of valve leaflets. In yet a third aspect of the invention, a bioprosthetic heart valve comprises a plurality of assembled parts, wherein the assembled parts are sutured together by hidden and locking stitches.

Abstract: A device for releasably holding and positioning a heart valve prosthesis includes a handle having a first end, a second end and a super elastic shaft interconnecting the first and second ends. A connector is positioned at the second end of the handle and includes a plug portion having a pair of raised members and diametrically opposed guide slots. A low profile pusher-rotator is releasably engaged with the plug portion and includes diametrically opposed guide tabs engaged with the guide slots. A manually flexible release portion of the pusher-rotator includes a pair of engagement members engaged in a snap fit with the raised members. The release portion can be manually distorted to release the engagement members and the raised members for separation of the handle and the pusher-rotator.