Abstract: An electrical actuator (11, 85) comprises a magnetically permeable stator body (13) and a permanently magnetic rotor body (17) which is pivotable relative to the stator body (13) through a limited angle of rotation (.phi.). The stator body (13) exerts a magnetostatic torque (T.sub.MS) on the rotor body (17) and comprises electrical energizing means (29) for exerting an electromagnetic torque (T.sub.EM) on the rotor body (17). T.sub.EM is substantially proportional to a value (I) of an electrical current through the energizing means (29) and depends on .phi. in accordance with a first function of .phi., while T.sub.MS depends on .phi. in accordance with a second function of .phi..According to the invention, said first function is substantially different from said second function, while it is true for each position of equilibrium of the rotor body (17), in which the resultant T.sub.R of T.sub.EM and T.sub.MS is zero for a predetermined value I, that T.sub.R has a positive value if .phi. decreases and T.sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to a telecommunication system comprising a plurality of mutually coupled switching centers and at least one coupled control unit. When switching centers assign paths based on switching data stored in switching tables, switchings take place first between the coupled switching centers which have each their own switching tables containing LCR data. The respective switching center recognizes only the beginning and end of the path in the case of an incoming call, so that the call may be permanently switched to and fro between two switching centers leading to an endless loop in the case of a current overload or interruption of the path from the switching table.

Abstract: A method of determining the concentrations of the constituents in a mixture of substances by way of an X-ray diffractogram of the mixture. The fundamental difficulty that it is not possible to determine the entire power spectrum (PS) of the diffraction is avoided by making a suitable estimate of the PS on the basis of the diffractions that can be observed. Using an estimate of the dispersive power of the individual atoms in the unity cells of the constituents and the PS, the absolute intensities are determined from the relative intensities and on the basis thereof the concentrations of the constituents in the mixture are determined.

Abstract: A system for recognizing spoken text includes a microphone for converting spoken text uttered by a speaker into analog electrical signals. An analog to digital converter to convert the analog spoken text data into digital electronic signals. A speech recognition device uses a lexicon data device; a language model data device; and a reference data device to convert the digital spoken text into recognized text data. The system also includes a keyboard for entering error correction data and an error correction device which generates corrected text depending on the corrected text. Adaptation apparatus of the lexicon data device and adaption apparatus of the language model data device, adapt the lexicon data and the language model data respectively to the speaker depending on the corrected text.

Abstract: A focal spot having an annular shape is often formed on the an (4) of an X-ray tube for analytic purposes. For the cooling of an anode it is known to force the cooling water to impinge on the anode with a flow profile having the same shape as the focal spot. In order to achieve this effect in the case of an annular focal spot, a circular delivery opening (36) is provided. In order to break up the steady boundary layer on the surface to be cooled, the impinging cooling water is forcibly split so as to flow into two directions. This is achieved by making the water flow via a distribution member 30 in which the circular delivery opening 36 is provided and by discharging the water via a discharge opening 40 which is situated within the circular delivery opening 40 and also via a return opening which is defined by the outer surface 42 of the distribution member 30 and the inner side of the discharge tube 16.

Abstract: A thin-film circuit element such as a top-gate TFT has good quality electrical contacts formed between an electrode (151, 152, 155) of chromium nitride and the semiconductor film (50) of the circuit element and/or another conductive film such as a connection track (37,39,40) of, for example, aluminium. Chromium nitride has a particularly advantageous combination of properties for use as such an electrode material, including, for example, low affinity for oxide growth even during deposition thereon of semiconductor, insulating and/or metal films, a doping potential to enhance ohmic contact to semiconductors, a barrier function against potential impurities, good thin-film processing compatibility, and hillock prevention in an underlying aluminium conductor.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus for measuring a property of a sample (using, e.g., ISTS) that includes: 1) an excitation laser that generates an excitation laser beam; 2) an optical system aligned along an optical axis that separates the excitation laser beam into at least three sub-beams; 3) an imaging system aligned along the optical axis that collects the sub-beams and focuses them onto the sample to form an optical interference pattern that generates a time-dependent response in the sample; 4) a probe laser that generates a probe laser beam that diffracts off the time-dependent response to form a signal beam; 5) a detector that detects the signal beam and in response generates a radiation-induced electronic response; and 6) a processor that processes the radiation-induced electronic response to determine the property of the sample.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring a property of a structure comprising at least one layer, the appratus including a light source that produces an optical pulse having a duration of less than 10 ps; a diffractive element that receives the optical pulse and diffracts it to generate at least two excitation pulses; an optical system that spatially and temporally overlaps at least two excitation pulses on or in the structure to form an excitation pattern, containing at least two light regions, that launches an acoustic wave having an out-of-plane component that propagates through the layer, reflects off a lower boundary of the layer, and returns to a surface of the structure to modulate a property of the structure; a light source that produces a probe pulse that diffracts off the modulated property to generate at least one signal pulse; a detector that receives at least one signal pulse and in response generates a light-induced electrical signal; and an analyzer that analyzes the light-induced electrical signal to measur

Abstract: In a method of determining minimal length routes through a network comprising nodes and links, the data defining the nodes and links is divided into two levels of nodes and links, the first higher level being used to determine the major portion of the route. Lower level nodes are attached to a specified point of one or more higher level links. If a start or finish point of a route is in the lower level set, the route is completed by adding the start and/or finish node to the first set together with the links from that node to all the nodes in the first set to which it is connected. This minimizes the time needed to generate the route due to the lower number of nodes and links which have to be examined in order to generate the route.

Abstract: A communication system includes a service switching point, a cordless terminal unit and a corded terminal unit. A call diversion or call forwarding from the corded to the cordless terminal unit is automatically activated when the cordless terminal unit is removed from a dedicated support.

Abstract: A computer system, a cache memory and a process, each enabling a cache replacement policy with locking. The computer system comprises a processing device and a memory system, the memory system including a higher level memory, a cache memory and lock ordering resources. The higher level memory provides for storage of information and the cache memory duplicates certain of that information in cache blocks, the cache memory comprising elements organized in sets and ways, wherein each cache block can reside in any element of a set to which the cache block is assigned, and includes a replacement policy. The lock ordering resources is capable of utilizing a granularity of less than an entire way and a selected contiguity of element locking proceeding through selected ways, element-by-element, in a selected order starting from a selected beginning element of one of the selected ways.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a flat panel display or other electronic device comprising thin-film circuit elements includes the steps of depositing and patterning a less conductive film (2) and metal film (1) to provide a laminated conductor, depositing and patterning semiconductor material to provide a circuit element island (50), and then directing an energy beam (100) towards the island (50) to crystallise the semiconductor material for the island (50). In order to protect the metal film (1) from the energy beam (100) the less conductive film (2) is deposited on the metal film (1), is of a semiconductor material absorptive of the energy beam (100), and is deposited to a thickness which is larger than its melt depth (d) when heated by the energy beam (100) during the crystallisation of the semiconductor material of the island (50).