Abstract: A photographing unit for a microscope has a photometric detector to measure brightness of light from a sample and includes a changing member which changes a brightness of light toward an observation system and a control unit which controls the light based on a detection output of the photometric detector. In addition, the changing member can be controlled based on the presence of an observer. A shielding member can be provided that automatically shields an optical path of the observation system. An illumination system for an index on a reticle can be provided so that the illumination of the reticle can be performed or extinguished at desired times. Additionally, the color of light with which the index is illuminated may be made distinguishable from the color of light from a sample, and the contrast of the index to the sample can be controlled.

Abstract: An exposure method of illuminating a pattern on a mask by a light beam from an illuminating optical system and exposing the image of the pattern onto a photosensitive substrate through a projection optical system comprises the steps of discriminating the kind of the mask, setting the state of at least one of the field stop of the illuminating optical system, the aperture stop of the illuminating system and the aperture stop of the projection optical system in conformity with the discriminated kind of the mask, and projecting the image of the pattern on the mask onto a predetermined area of the photosensitive substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a trunnion for a toroidal continuously variable transmission in which the material is strengthened against the wear and plastic deformation of a trunnion. The trunnion includes a base portion having a body portion, which connects and supports a base end portion of a displacement shaft at a surface intermediate portion, and a pair of plate portions, in which an edge apart from the body portion is a tip end edge, and a pair of axis (shaft) portions protruding from the outside surfaces of the plate portions in opposite directions to each other. The toroidal continuously variable transmission is characterized in that at least the rolling surface of a radial needle bearing for supporting the tilted rotation of the trunnion has a hardness not lower than HRC55, and a core portion has a hardness not lower than HRC20 and not higher than HRC45.

Abstract: An outer race of a thrust ball bearing supporting a thrust load applied to a power roller is rotatably supported around a displacement shaft. A portion in which the contact pressure between an outer race track and the rolling surface of a rolling member is high changes so that the fatigue of the outer race track does not progress locally. Also, the power roller and the outer race are subjected to predetermined treatment and working. Irrespective of a great thrust load applied during operation, stress is alleviated and the lubricating property of the portion of contact is made good to thereby prevent cracks or early wear from occurring.

Abstract: In a friction plate formed by adhering a plurality of friction material segments having connecting portions to be interconnected to each other onto a core plate, a frictional engagement surface side portion of each connecting portion between the friction material segments is formed as a recessed portion.

Abstract: A multi-panel hollow door has a core made of corrugated paperboard. The core is formed from a stack of plies in which adjacent plies are adhered to one another in accordance with a predetermined pattern of adherence (e.g., a gluing pattern). The stack is expanded in a direction perpendicular to the plies to form an elongated series of cells disposed longitudinally between transversely spaced panel indentations of a door skin, at a central region of the door. Each cell has a pair of transversely spaced vertices, and juxtaposed end portions of vertex-forming plies form tabs. Each tab is preferably oriented to overlap an adjacent portion of a vertex-forming ply, the desired orientation being obtained by partial slitting of a single vertex-forming ply. Unexpanded end portions of a stack of plies may be broken off to form pads between corresponding portions of the skins.

Abstract: In a tripod type constant velocity joint, out of the pair of guide surfaces, the guide surface on the anchor side to tightly press the outer peripheral face of the outer roller when the rotational torque is transmitted in a predetermined direction is made non-parallel to the central axis of the trunnion under a zero joint angle condition, and there are provided guide portions each having a contact surface to contact with a side face of the outer roller at the anchor side on the side on which a distance between the guide surface on the anchor side and the central axis of the trunnion is extended.

Abstract: A catadioptric lens (10) comprising, along an optical axis (AX), a first lens group (L1) having an objectwise concave annular incident surface (SI) upon which light from an object is first incident, and a most imagewise lens surface (16). The catadioptric lens further includes an annular main mirror (MM) arranged imagewise of the first lens group and having an objectwise concave reflective surface (R1) that reflects light objectwise. A secondary mirror (MS) is located objectwise of the annular main mirror and has an imagewise convex reflective surface (R2) that reflects light imagewise. The first lens group has a glass optical path from the incident surface to the main mirror to the secondary mirror and to the most imagewise lens surface of the first lens group. The catadioptric lens may also include a second lens group L2 imagewise of the first lens group. The second lens group may include two or more lenses, and preferably includes a cemented doublet (L34, L35).

Abstract: A zoom lens having a high zoom ratio (>4.times.) and a large aperture ratio (FNO 2.8) and capable of providing close-range focus with only a small amount of aberration fluctuations. The zoom lens comprises either five or six lens groups. An exemplary zoom lens comprises, objectwise to imagewise, a first lens group having positive refractive power, a second lens group having negative refractive power and separated from the first lens group by a first air space, a third lens group having negative refractive power and separated from the second lens group by a second air space, a fourth lens group having positive refractive power and separated from the third lens group by a third air space, and a fifth lens group having a positive refractive power and separated from said fourth lens group by a fourth air space.

Abstract: A turnbuckle comprises first and second fastening parts, the first fastening part having a first end fitting and a first rod-shaped portion, and the second fastening part having a second end fitting and a second rod-shaped portion, at least the first of which rod-shaped portions is formed with threads. The turnbuckle further comprises a tightening device comprising first and second tightening members, each having an outer end piece and an inner end piece. The outer end piece of at least the first tightening member has a threaded through-hole to receive in screw engagement the threaded rod portion of the first fastening part. The inner end piece of the second tightening member has a threaded through-hole also to receive in screw engagement the threaded rod portion of the first fastening part. The tightening device is arranged to assume at least two different elongation conditions.

Abstract: A confocal microscope has a light source, a scanning device for two-dimensionally scanning light from the light source on a specimen, an objective lens arranged between the scanning device and the specimen, a driving device for moving the objective lens and the specimen relative to each other in the optical axis direction of the objective lens, a control circuit for simultaneously driving the scanning device and the driving device, and controlling the scanning speed of the scanning device and the moving speed of the driving device, an image acquisition device for detecting light from the specimen while the scanning device and the driving device are being driven, and acquiring slice images of the specimen on planes respectively perpendicular to two inclined axes which are symmetrical about the optical axis or an axis inclined from the optical axis, and a display device for displaying a stereoscopic image of the specimen on the basis of the images acquired by the image acquisition device.

Abstract: In order to prevent conception and/or the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) one or more lectins capable of binding sperm and/or the pathogenic microorganisms responsible for STD's are administered to the vagina prior to sexual intercourse. The lectins immobilize the sperm to render them incapable of fertilization and also bind to the microorganisms to render them non-pathogenic or to the cells to prevent infection by the microorganisms. Lectins can also be administered to treat sexually transmitted vaginal infections. The invention also encompasses a device for to be placed in the vault of the vagina which comprises a ring which surrounds the cervix and a membrane spanning the central aperture of the ring to prevent the direct contact of ejaculate with the cervical tissues. The device is impregnated or coated with lectins and releases them into the vaginal environment over a period of time.

Abstract: A temporary connecting device for connecting a steering shaft of a vehicle to a universal joint of a steering mechanism. The device comprises a yoke of a universal joint, a shaft to be connected to the yoke, a bolt and a nut for fixing the shaft to the yoke and a clip for temporarily retaining the shaft in the yoke.

Abstract: A steering apparatus for a car, comprises a steering shaft provided with a steering wheel at one end thereof, a steering column for supporting the steering shaft to be freely rotatable, an upper support mechanism fixed to the car body side for supporting the steering column, having an operating lever capable of taking a state for allowing the steering column to move in the axial direction and a state for fixing the steering column, so as to selectively take one of these two states and a lower support mechanism fixed to the car body side for supporting the steering column.

Abstract: In a scan type exposure apparatus which provides relative movement between an exposure beam and an object in a predetermined direction to expose the object, performance of the apparatus is evaluated by a method that comprises detecting the exposure beam under an operation condition to be used in a scan exposure for the object, and evaluating the performance of the apparatus based on information obtained by detecting the exposure beam. The operation condition may be one that causes unevenness in the integrated exposure amount for the object to be exposed or movement speed of a movable member holding the object. The detecting may involve the detection of exposure beam pulses.

Abstract: A scanning exposure method is arranged to illuminate a mask with light pulses and to synchronously scan the mask and a photosensitive substrate so as to effect scanning exposure of a pattern image of the mask on the photosensitive substrate, and includes detecting energy amounts of light pulses illuminating the mask during the scanning exposure, successively calculating an integrated amount of light of the last N pulses (N is an integer more than one) for every unit pulse number, based on the energy amounts thus detected and adjusting an exposure dose on the photosensitive substrate in accordance with a sequence of integrated amounts of light thus calculated.

Abstract: An imaging optical system (10) having a focal length (f) and a maximum imagewise numerical aperture. The system combines diffractive and refractive optical elements such that aberrations, including axial chromatic aberration, are well-corrected over a large wavelength range from the visible into the infrared. The system comprises, objectwise to imagewise along an optical axis (A), a front lens group (G.sub.F) having at least one refractive optical element, a diffractive optical element (DOE) provided with a diffractive surface (D) having positive diffractive power and a focal length (f.sub.DOE). The system also includes a rear lens group (G.sub.R) having at least one refractive optical element. The system has an amount of spherical aberration at the maximum imagewise numerical aperture, is measured with respect to e-line wavelength light, in the limit as the positive diffractive power of the diffractive surface approaches zero, of RSA.

Abstract: In order to accurately control the operation between the fastening and liberation of a clutch piston, a cooling oil path and a drain oil path are provided independently of a clutch liberating oil path and a clutch fastening oil path, respectively.