Abstract: A digital delta-sigma modulator for controlling a multi-modulus divider in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer features cascaded delta-sigma modulator stages in a feed-forward circuit topology to extend the possible multi-modulus control output values between the range of −1 to +1. A direct input receives an N-bit input control word which can be dithered, for example, by a sinewave in a two's complement format. The digital delta-sigma modulator can be of any type and includes cascaded accumulators and pipelined accumulator topologies.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus (1,31) for forming a three-dimensional object and in particular to a method and apparatus (1,31) for forming a three-dimensional beam, it is desirable to form three-dimensional beams (5) having complex forms by using an efficient forming process for the beams which may be incorporated into existing high volume production techniques. The apparatus (1,31) for forming three-dimensional beams (5) comprises a support device and an actuation device. Support members (2, 32, 41, 51, 61) spaced about the longitudinal axis of the support device locally define an opening (4, 35, 43, 53, 63) for supporting a section of the beam (5). The position of adjacent openings (4, 35, 43, 53, 63) relative to one another defines the overall form of the beam (5) and the actuation device defines the position of each opening (4, 35, 43, 53, 63).

Abstract: In a bumper bar for vehicles, the bar is extended in one dimension, has a closed cross-section and two ends and includes at least one front flange, one rear flange, one top side and one bottom side. The bumper bar has at least one part of the rear flange, lying along the bar, in contact with at least one part of the front flange, also lying along the bar. In the method for manufacturing the bumper bar, the at least one part of the rear flange is wholly or partially pressed in towards the at least one part of the front flange.

Abstract: A power supply is provided for illuminating an electro-luminescent lamp with a constant current and frequency drive signal having a predetermined limiting voltage level for compensating changes in the electro-luminescent lamp characteristics. The power supply operates from an AC or DC input voltage power source and includes an electronic ground fault current interrupter circuit means with remote reset capability to provide protection for the power supply and against user injury. An auto line AC voltage selection circuit senses and selects the proper voltage operating configuration without operator intervention. The status of an LED in conjunction with the status of the electro-luminescent lamp is used as an internal diagnostic aid to assist a user in isolating fault conditions. External signals from a lighting control panel are coupled via an input control circuit to the power supply to provide special lighting effects.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for tying additional function modules into a control facility of a switching system and to a switching system. A switching system comprises a control facility (CONTR) provided with a plurality of basic function modules (APP1 to APP3, BP1 to BP4) which are mutually coupled to each other, for controlling the switching functions of the switching system. The basic function modules (APP1 to APP3, BP1 to BP4) are coupled to one or more access modules (ACC). The additional function modules (APP11 to APP23, KONVERT1, KONVERT2) access the basic function modules (APP1 to APP3, BP1 to BP4) only via the access modules (ACC), such that at any given time each of the access modules (ACC), depending on the accessing additional function module (APP11 to APP23, KONVERT1 , KONVERT2), provides the additional function modules (APP11 to APP23, KONVERT1, KONVERT2) with only one individual logical access interface (INT1 to INT4) to the basic function modules (APP1 to APP3, BP1 to BP4).