Abstract: This invention provides a process for the electrochemical hydroxylation of aromatic compounds ring-substituted with an electron-withdrawing moiety and having a replaceable nuclear hydrogen. An aqueous liquid comprising the aromatic substrate and the anion of a strong carboxylic acid provided by a strong carboxylic acid or the salt of a strong carboxylic acid is electrolyzed to produce a nuclear-substituted hydroxy derivative of the aromatic substrate wherein the hydroxy group replaces a nuclear hydrogen.
Abstract: This invention provides a process for the electrochemical hydroxylation of aromatic compounds ring-substituted with an electron-withdrawing moiety and having a replaceable nuclear hydrogen. An aqueous liquid comprising the aromatic substrate and the anion of a strong carboxylic acid provided by a strong carboxylic acid or the salt of a strong carboxylic acid is electrolyzed to produce a nuclear-substituted hydroxy derivative of the aromatic substrate wherein the hydroxy group replaces a nuclear hydrogen.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for more efficiently operating a heat exchanger wherein heat is exchanged between a scale-forming and a scale-cleaning liquid. The scale-cleaning liquid is passed periodically into the region of the heat exchanger wherein scale from the scale-forming liquid has accumulated, and the effluent is flushed from the heat exchanger.
Abstract: This invention provides a process for the electrochemical acyloxylation of aromatic compounds ring-substituted with an electron-withdrawing moiety and having a replaceable nuclear hydrogen. An anhydrous liquid comprising the aromatic substrate and the anion of a strong carboxylic acid provided by a strong carboxylic acid or the salt of a strong carboxylic acid is electrolyzed to produce a nuclear-substituted acyloxy derivative of the aromatic substrate wherein the acyloxy group replaces a nuclear hydrogen.
Abstract: An electrode, for use in electrolytic processes, comprises a valve metal substrate, such as titanium, a coating thereon of conductive tin oxide, and an outer coating of a noble metal or noble metal oxide. The electrode is particularly adapted to use in a chlorate cell wherein an aqueous alkali metal chloride solution is electrolyzed to produce an alkali metal chlorate.