Abstract: A rotatable optical beamsplitter comprises an optically-transparent material and a partially-reflective layer. The optically-transparent material has a unitary spherical exterior surface. The partially-reflective layer is located at least partially within the optically transparent material. The spherically shaped optical beamsplitter demonstrates reduced optical distortion.

Abstract: Systems for analyzing polarized light back-scattered from a sample are provided. An exemplary system comprises an optical beamsplitter, a polarization separator and an array of light detectors. The optical beamsplitter is operative to receive an incident ray of light, to direct at least a portion of the incident ray to a sample, to receive a back-scattered ray from the sample, and to reflect at least a portion of the back-scattered ray as a reflected back-scattered ray. The polarization separator is located to receive the reflected back-scattered ray and is operative to divide the reflected back-scattered ray into a transverse-electric (TE) component and a transverse-magnetic (TM) component. The array of light detectors is located to receive the TE component and the TM component and is operative to acquire information corresponding to the respective intensities of the TE component and the TM component simultaneously. Methods and other systems also are provided.