Abstract: Light-transmitting plastic and/or glass bottles are tested at a station where selected portions of their internal surfaces scatter radiation issuing from a beam of monochromatic radiation. The scattered radiation is intercepted and monitored for the generation of signals which denote the presence or absence of impurities on the selected portions of the internal surfaces and/or certain substances in the walls adjacent the selected portions of the internal surfaces of tested bottles. Such signals are processed, and the processed signals are utilized to classify the bottles according to their defects and/or to segregate unsatisfactory bottles from acceptable bottles and/or to segregate glass bottles from plastic bottles and/or to classify satisfactory plastic bottles in accordance with the nature of their plastic materials. The scattered radiation can constitute Raman, Rayleigh and/or fluorescence radiation.

Abstract: A web of coherent labels or coherent blanks of wrapping material is advanced along an elongated path toward a severing station where the web is cut at selected intervals by an orbiting knife in cooperation with a stationary or moving knife to yield a succession of sections of desired length. If the web is to be arrested for a shorter or longer period, it is first accelerated above its standard speed and is thereupon decelerated to zero speed during the last interval of advancement so that the length of the leader of the web extending beyond the severing station matches the desired length. Analogously, when the web is restarted, it is accelerated above the standard speed and is thereupon decelerated to such standard speed during the first interval of advancement so that the knives sever a section whose length again matches the desired length.

Abstract: Containers for beverages are rotated about their own axes and are simultaneously transported past a water applying sponge and thereupon past an applicator of labels which completely surround the peripheral surfaces of the respective containers so that the leader of each label is overlapped by its trailing end. The films of water which are applied by the sponge reduce the likelihood of slippage of labels relative to the peripheral surfaces during draping of the labels, and such films evaporate when the application of labels is completed so that the labels surround but do not adhere to the containers. The trailing ends of the labels are coated with adhesive which bonds them to the respective leaders.

Abstract: Apparatus for transporting containers having circular portions with any one of a number of different diameters first along an adhesive applying unit and thereupon past one or more units which apply labels all the way around the circular portions of the containers has a rotary turntable with a set of depending rotary supporting elements for discrete containers. The supporting elements are rotated about their own axes, while orbiting about the axis of rotation of the turntable, by two arcuate cams which are adjacent the path of orbital movement of the supporting elements and are tracked by roller followers provided on disc-shaped holders at the upper ends of the supporting elements. Adjustment of the apparatus for the transport of containers having circular portions of different diameters is effected by moving the cams in the circumferential direction of the turntable. The positions of the various treating units remain unchanged.

Abstract: An apparatus for admitting metered quantities of a pressurized liquid into successive containers, such as cans or bottles, has a housing which stores a supply of pressurized liquid and carries one or more combined container sealing and centering units. Each such unit has a vertically reciprocable at least partially elastomeric tubular member movable between a lower end position and an upper end position. The external surface of the annular upper end portion of the tubular member sealingly engages a cylindrical internal surface which surrounds the outlet of the housing when the tubular member assumes its lower end position, and an end face of the annular lower end portion of the tubular member is then in sealing engagement with the open top of a container to be filled. The open lower end of a conduit for compressed gas is located at the upper end of the passage within the tubular member to ensure that the upper end portion of the tubular member can be expanded into sealing engagement with the internal surface.

Abstract: Bottles, cans or other types of containers are filled with accurately metered quantities of a liquid by employing a number of discrete filling units which orbit about a vertical axis and are provided with metering chambers receiving liquid from a main source of supply. The metering chambers are overfilled with liquid, and the excess is collected and returned to the main source. The filling units and certain other parts (such as an annular vessel of the main source) of the apparatus can be of modular design to facilitate storage and transport of modules which are assembled into a container filling apparatus at the filling plant. The method and apparatus can be utilized with advantage for the admission of metered quantities of carbonated and/or pulp-containing beverages into bottles or cans.

Abstract: Apparatus for filling successive containers with a liquid, such as a carbonated beverage, has a rotary vessel with a bottom wall which carries an annulus of tubular extensions each of which is surrounded by a metering chamber. Each extension and the associated metering chamber supports a filling unit with a twin-seat valve having a single valving element which is movable between an upper position to seal an outlet at the lower end of the extension from an adjacent inlet of the metering chamber while permitting the outlet of the metering chamber to discharge a metered quantity of liquid into a container below the filling unit, and a lower position in which the single valving element seals the outlet of the metering chamber but permits the extension to admit liquid into the metering chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus for filling large bottles with a beverage has a rotating vessel which contains a supply of pressurized beverage and admits the beverage into a series of metering chambers forming part of container filling modules at the underside of the vessel. The outlet opening of each metering chamber is controlled by a valve which can permit or prevent the flow of beverage into a casing having an inlet for reception of beverage from the metering chamber, an outlet which is radially and vertically offset relative to the inlet, and a helical swirling channel which extends from the inlet to the outlet and surrounds the central vertical axis of the outlet along an arc of approximately or exactly 360.degree.. The cross-sectional area of the channel decreases proportionally with the distance from the inlet, and the intermediate portion of the channel communicates with the outlet by way of a conical passage.

Abstract: Apparatus for admitting metered quantities of a liquid into discrete containers in the form of bottles, cans or the like has a rotary annular tank which carries at its underside a ring-shaped set of filling units each of which has a discrete metering vessel serving to receive a metered quantity of liquid from the interior of the tank for admission into a container which is placed into alignment with a centering and sealing sleeve movably mounted on each metering vessel. If the liquid is to be admitted into the containers at an elevated pressure, the supply of liquid in the tank is disposed beneath a plenum chamber and each filling unit is designed to admit compressed gas from the plenum chamber into the aligned container prior to admission of a metered quantity of liquid. The liquid which flows into a container expels the compressed gas which is returned into the plenum chamber or into a separate receptacle.

Abstract: The centering nozzles of continuously orbiting material-supplying valves in a filling machine wherein cans, bottles or other types of containers are moved into register with and advance with the valves in the course of the filling operation are biased toward the material-receiving portions of registering containers by mechanical springs or by pneumatic cylinder and piston units in order to ensure that the nozzles can yield when necessary so as to preserve the integrity of the valves and/or of the containers. The springs and/or the cylinder and piston units are interposed between the nozzles and the assemblies which serve to raise and lower the nozzles relative to the containers below them. The nozzles also serve as differential pistons to bias their sealing elements against the adjacent containers during actual admission of a flowable material.

Abstract: Freshly filled containers (such as cans for confinement of carbonated beverages which are admitted at an elevated pressure) are overlapped by caps or other suitable closures not later than at the point where they leave the filling unit of a combined filling and capping apparatus. The closures are maintained in alignment with and are pressed against the open tops of filled containers during advancement from the filling unit to the capping or sealing unit. This ensures that the confined liquid cannot be affected by atmospheric air and cannot escape from the respective containers irrespective of the distance of the filling unit from the capping or sealing unit.