Abstract: Provided herein is a composition for forming a metal deposit on a substrate. The composition consists essentially of a carboxamide, trialkylamine chloride, and a metal salt. The carboxamide comprises Formula (I). The trialkylamine chloride and the carboxamide are in molar ratio between 1:1 and 1:30 to form an ionic liquid. The trialkylamine chloride is trimethylamine chloride (TMACl), triethylamine chloride (TEACl), triethanolamine chloride, or combinations thereof. The metal salt has the formula MXy, wherein M is a metal, X is a halide, and y is an oxidation number of M, the metal salt being in a concentration between about 0.2 and about 1.5 moles per liter of the ionic liquid. The metal deposit has an average grain size between about 0.2 ?m and about 3 ?m and contains less than about 1 mol % of each oxygen, carbon, and chlorine.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method comprising inducing a first current between a source of a countercharge and a first electrode, the first current being through an electrolyte. A second current is induced across the first electrode, the second current being transverse to the first current, and the second current inducing a relativistic charge across the first electrode.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method comprising inducing a first current between a source of a countercharge and a first electrode, the first current being through an electrolyte. In some instances, the first current is not present. A second current, in the form of waveform, is induced across the first electrode, the second current being transverse to the first current, and the second current inducing a relativistic charge across the first electrode. Metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the substrate or corroded from the substrate, among other things. The methods, as well as associated apparatus, improve deposition, bonding, corrosion, and other effects.