Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed. The methods may include obtaining a seismic dataset with a plurality of dimensions pertaining to a subterranean region of interest and forming a plurality of spatial nodes within the seismic dataset. The method may further include determining, for each node, a traveltime operator, based on a portion of the seismic dataset within an aperture surrounding the node, assigning a canonical operator based on the traveltime operator, and forming a plurality of windows containing a neighboring node. For each window, the method may include determining a modal canonical operator, based on the canonical operator for each neighboring node, determining modal-nodes and deviating-nodes within the window, and determining a replacement traveltime operator for each deviating-node. The method may still further include forming a seismic image based on the seismic dataset, the traveltime operator of the modal-nodes, and the replacement traveltime operator of the deviating-nodes.

Abstract: A method and a system for determining a minimum bounding box-based grid are disclosed. The method includes obtaining a seismic survey of an area and constructing a convex hull of the seismic survey area. Further, the method includes determining a minimum bounding box containing a minimum convex hull area and generating two linear maps based on the minimum bounding box using a rotation angle and an axis origin. The two linear maps are used to generate a grid populated by geological models of a subsurface.

Abstract: A system for reducing internal combustion engine emissions. The system includes an exhaust line for feeding an exhaust from an internal combustion engine to a catalytic converter and a particulate filter to produce a filtered exhaust. The system further includes a filter effluent line to feed this filtered exhaust to a tailpipe. The system further includes a bypass filtration system to receive the filtered exhaust and further filter the exhaust and return it to the filter effluent upstream of the tailpipe. The system further includes an ozone generator and a flow line to feed ozone to the bypass filtration system.

Abstract: A hydrogen direct injection engine includes a cylinder and a combustion chamber positioned at a center of the cylinder, where an axis of the combustion chamber is approximately identical to an axis of the cylinder. The hydrogen direct injection engine also includes one or more intake valves positioned around the cylinder, one or more exhaust valves positioned around the cylinder, a cylinder head mounted across a top surface of the cylinder, and a fuel injector positioned vertically at the center of the cylinder. The hydrogen direct injection engine further includes a piston disposed within the cylinder, and a spark plug positioned between the one or more intake valves.

Abstract: A method to extend the bandwidth of seismic data. The method includes collecting a seismic dataset from a seismic survey conducted over a subterranean region of interest and generating a plurality of synthetic datasets, where each synthetic dataset comprises an input seismic dataset with a first bandwidth and an associated target seismic dataset with a second bandwidth. The second bandwidth is broader than the first bandwidth. Further, each synthetic dataset is generated directly in a time domain and includes an event, where the event includes a geometric shape and a wavelet. The method further includes splitting the plurality of synthetic datasets into a training set, selecting a machine-learned model, training the machine-learned model using the training set, and using the machine-learned model to produce an extended bandwidth seismic dataset from the seismic dataset. The method further includes determining a location of a hydrocarbon reservoir using the extended bandwidth seismic dataset.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed. The method includes obtaining a sparse seismic velocity model for a subterranean region of interest. The sparse seismic velocity model includes populated positions and missing positions, where each populated position includes a velocity. The method further includes determining an interpolated seismic velocity model by determining the velocity at each missing position using the velocity at one or more of the populated positions and interpolation. The method still further includes determining an intermediate dense seismic velocity model by updating the velocity at each missing position using, at least in part, the interpolated seismic velocity model and a projections onto convex sets method and determining a dense seismic velocity model using, at least in part, the intermediate dense seismic velocity model.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed. The method includes collecting a seismic dataset from a seismic survey and generating a plurality of synthetic datasets each including an input seismic dataset with a first bandwidth and an associated target seismic dataset with a second, broader, bandwidth, that includes lower frequencies than the first bandwidth. Each synthetic dataset is generated in a time domain and includes an event with a geometric shape and a wavelet. The method also includes splitting the plurality of synthetic datasets into a training set; selecting and training a first machine-learned model with a first architecture, to receive the seismic dataset and output another seismic dataset with extended bandwidth relative to the seismic dataset. The method further includes using the first machine-learned model to produce an extended bandwidth seismic dataset from the seismic dataset; and determining a location of a hydrocarbon reservoir using the extended bandwidth seismic dataset.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed. The method include generating a simulated seismic training dataset, where the simulated seismic training dataset includes upgoing signals and downgoing signals, each recorded on hydrophones and geophones and training a deep learning network, using the simulated seismic training dataset, to separate the upgoing signals from the downgoing signals. The method also includes obtaining field hydrophone data and field geophone data pertaining to a subsurface region of interest, recorded by a seismic acquisition system including hydrophones and geophones, and separating the field hydrophone data and field geophone data into predicted upgoing signals. The method further includes generating a seismic image of the subsurface region of interest based, at least in part, on the predicted upgoing signals.

Abstract: Examples of methods and systems are disclosed. The methods may include obtaining, using a seismic processor, a training seismic dataset, comprising an input seismic dataset with a first extent and an output seismic dataset with a second extent, wherein the second extent is greater than the first extent. The methods may also include training, using the seismic processor and the training seismic dataset, a machine-learning (ML) network to predict the output seismic dataset, at least in part, from the input seismic dataset.

Abstract: A method is disclosed that includes obtaining a seismic data set from a seismic survey conducted over a subterranean region of interest and discretizing the seismic data set into a plurality of sub-regions each with a local traveltime operator. The method further includes dividing the plurality of sub-regions into a first subset and a second subset and calculating the local traveltime operator for each sub-region of the first subset using a conventional method and determining the local traveltime operator for each sub-region of the second subset using a convergent POCS method based on the local traveltime operators for the sub-regions of the first subset. The method further includes determining an enhanced seismic dataset by performing non-linear beamforming using the local traveltime operator for each sub-region of the plurality of sub-regions and determining a location of a hydrocarbon reservoir in the subterranean region of interest using the enhanced seismic data set.

Abstract: Examples of methods and systems for determining a true absolute-amplitude seismic dataset are disclosed. The methods include obtaining an observed seismic dataset, where the observed seismic dataset includes observed seismic traces containing primary reflections and multiple reflections, and selecting a primary-free time window of the observed seismic traces that contains only observed multiple reflections. The methods further include, using a seismic processing system, determining output seismic traces within the primary-free time window using a multiple prediction method, where determining output seismic traces include determining a scalar multiplier based, at least in part, on the output seismic traces, and determining the true absolute-amplitude seismic dataset based, at least in part, on the observed seismic dataset and the scalar multiplier.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for determining an internal multiples-free seismic dataset. The method includes obtaining a seismic dataset, wherein the seismic dataset comprises a plurality of space-time gathers, determining a first truncation operator, wherein the first truncation operator mutes samples of each trace after a first predetermined intercept time in a transform domain, and determining a second truncation operator, wherein the second truncation operator mutes samples of each trace before a second predetermined intercept time in the transform domain. The method further includes applying Marchenko internal multiple attenuation on the seismic dataset using the first and second truncation operators to determine the internal multiples-free seismic dataset.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment system includes an engine, an exhaust line in fluid communication with the engine, a three-way catalyst downstream of the engine on the exhaust line, a particulate filter downstream of and proximate to the three-way catalyst on the exhaust line, and a sorbent unit comprising a first sorbent and a second sorbent downstream of the three-way catalyst and the particulate filter on the exhaust line. The first sorbent and the second sorbent are proximate to a tailpipe of the exhaust line. A method of treating an exhaust emission from an internal combustion engine during an engine cold-start is also described.

Abstract: Methods and systems for estimating converted-wave statics are disclosed. The methods include obtaining a multicomponent seismic dataset for a subterranean region, determining an array of PP-source statics and an array of PP-receiver statics for the PP-seismic dataset, generating a PP-receiver stack based on the PP-seismic dataset, the array of PP-source statics, and the array of PP-receiver statics, and generating a PS-receiver stack based on the PS-seismic dataset and the array of PP-source statics. The methods also include identifying a PP-target event on the PP-receiver stack, forming a space-time window of the PS-receiver stack guided by the PP-target event, determining an objective function, and determining an array of PS-receiver statics based on an extremum of the objective function.

Abstract: An expansion apparatus and a method of manufacturing an expansion apparatus are provided. The expansion apparatus comprises an expandable element having a monolithic wall structure circumscribing a longitudinal axis and enclosing a space for receiving a pressurised fluid for use in inflating the expandable element between a non-expanded configuration and an expanded configuration. The wall structure is formed by additive manufacturing to have an initial non-expanded profile in which a perimeter length of the wall structure is greater than an outer gauge perimeter of the wall structure. Expansion during inflation is achieved by reforming the initial non-expanded profile of the wall structure to increase the outer gauge perimeter.

Abstract: A system and methods are disclosed for determining a model of a subterranean region. The method includes obtaining an observed dataset and a current model for the subterranean region, simulating a dataset from the current model, and determining a data penalty function based on a difference between the observed and simulated datasets. The method further includes training a machine learning (ML) network to predict a model from the observed dataset and determining the predicted model using the trained ML network. The method further includes determining a first model penalty function based on the current model, a second model penalty function based on a difference between the current and the predicted models, and a composite penalty function based on a weighted sum of the data penalty function, the first and the second model penalty functions. Finally, the method includes determining the model based on an extremum of a composite penalty function.

Abstract: An exhaust treatment system includes an exhaust line, a series of emission treatment units, and an electronic control unit. The series of emission treatment units includes a catalytic unit, a particulate filter unit, an oxidation catalytic unit, a hydrogen injection unit, and a Lean NOx Trap (LNT) for trapping select emissions. A method of operating an exhaust treatment system includes introducing a fuel to a combustion engine of a motor vehicle, directing emissions from the combustion engine to an exhaust line, and passing the emissions in the exhaust line through a series of emission treatment units on the exhaust line. The method further includes injecting hydrogen into the exhaust line via a hydrogen injection unit, where an amount of hydrogen gas injected from a hydrogen inlet line reduces the trapped emissions in the LNT to an inert gas.

Abstract: A method for picking first breaks on a synthetic seismic dataset for a full wavefield travel-time inversion is provided. This method includes obtaining a synthetic seismic dataset and for each synthetic trace, determining a plurality of synthetic trace amplitude maxima and minima, determining a modified energy ratio trace, and forming a trace mask based at least in part, on an amplitude of the synthetic trace and on an amplitude of the modified energy ratio trace. The method further includes determining for each synthetic trace, a positive estimated first break based on the plurality of synthetic trace amplitude maxima and the trace mask and a negative estimated first bread based on the plurality of synthetic trace amplitude minima and the trace mask. The method concludes with determining a predicted first break for each synthetic trace from the positive estimate first break and the negative estimate first break.

Abstract: A method for determining a non-linear beamforming (NLBF) tuple is disclosed. The method includes receiving a seismic data set and discretizing the seismic data set into a plurality of NLBF sub-problems. The method includes solving a subset of the NLBF sub-problems with a non-linear optimizer to create final NLBF tuples. The method further includes periodically training a machine-learned model with a subset of the NLBF sub-problems and final NLBF tuples data and obtaining intermediate NLBF tuple predictions from the trained machine-learned model. The intermediate NLBF tuple predictions may be used as initial values in a non-linear optimizer to create final NLBF tuples or may be accepted as final NLBF tuples. The method includes storing the final NLBF tuples.

Abstract: A system that may include an exhaust gas source that provides exhaust gas pollutants, a primary catalytic converter coupled downstream of the exhaust gas source, and an adsorption unit, configured to adsorb exhaust gas pollutants. The adsorption unit may be coupled downstream of the exhaust gas source. A process that may include introducing exhaust gas comprising exhaust gas pollutants into a system that includes an adsorption unit, such that the exhaust gas may flow through the adsorption unit and the exhaust gas pollutants may be adsorbed into an adsorption media in the adsorption unit as adsorbed exhaust gas pollutants. A depleted exhaust gas may pass from the adsorption unit.