Abstract: Disclosed is a method of providing electricity to a vehicle comprising (1) providing an aqueous, ionic solution of carbon dioxide or carbonic acid, or a combination of the two, wherein the source of ions is an acid, an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing; (2) electrolyzing the aqueous, ionic solution to provide electricity, wherein the electrolysis process proceeds by the conversion of the carbon dioxide or carbonic acid to bicarbonate ions and carbonate ions; and (3) powering a vehicle with that electricity.