Abstract: In a process for producing a liquid crystal element comprising an alignment-treated substrate and a layer of polymer liquid crystal having a pattern, mesogenic groups in cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal are aligned, and the cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal is cross-linked while the mold is pressed against the layer of cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal, at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal and lower than the clearing point temperature of the cross-linkable polymer liquid crystal.

Abstract: To provide a laminate which is excellent in weather resistance and moisture-proofing property and also excellent in interlayer adhesion and its long-term stability, and a process for its production. A laminate which comprises a substrate sheet containing a fluororesin, an adhesion layer containing an acrylic resin, and a moisture-proofing layer containing, as its main component, at least one inorganic compound selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxides, inorganic nitrides and inorganic oxynitrides, laminated in this order, wherein the surface composition (as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) of the surface in contact with the adhesion layer, of the substrate sheet, is such that the atomic percentage of nitrogen is at least 0.2 at % and at most 3.0 at %, and the atomic percentage of oxygen is at least 1.0 at % and at most 5.0 at %.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing deionized water consisting essentially of an electrodialyzer having cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes alternately arranged between a cathode and an anode to form demineralizing compartments and concentrating compartments, and ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments, wherein a pressure of from 0.1 to 20 kg/cm.sup.2 is exerted between the ion exchangers accommodated in the demineralizing compartments and the cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes defining the demineralizing compartments.

Abstract: A phosphate glass such as calcium metaphosphate (Ca(PO.sub.4).sub.2) is heat-treated in a temperature gradient to obtain a crystallized glass (glass-ceramics) made of oriented fiber like crystals which has high bending strength in an abraded state.

Abstract: An improved counter electrode used in an electrochromic device is transmissive in both charge injection and extraction states and exhibits excellent reversibility whereby it is optimum as a counter electrode in a transmissive electrochromic device which is useful as a display device in its control of visible and infrared absorption by a window and the like.