Abstract: A composite substrate includes first and second substrate layers with a polyurethane foam layer there between. The foam layer preferably penetrates into the first and second substrate layers to form very strong bonds without the need for intervening adhesives. A component of the foam material formulation is natural oil. The resultant composite substrate thereby has excellent load-bearing properties. It can also be manufactured with lower cost capital equipment and a reduced impact on the environment relative to substrates using more conventional foam formulations and bonding processes.

Abstract: An article of furniture includes a carbon-negative bio-plastic and a non-hazardous blowing agent for expanding the bio-plastic in a mold to produce the article of furniture having a negative carbon footprint.