Abstract: A caustic desulfonylation method and system comprising a reactor vessel with a solid carbonaceous selectivity promoter provided therein, a liquid feed input of the reactor vessel configured to receive a source of caustic, a hydrocarbon feed comprising oxidized sulfur containing compounds and a gas feed input of the reactor vessel configured to receive a source of hydrogen. The caustic desulfonylation method and system further includes an output of the reactor vessel releasing the caustic and an upgraded hydrocarbon product with sulfur content less than the sulfur content of the hydrocarbon feed received by the liquid feed of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: A caustic desulfonylation method and system comprising a reactor vessel with a solid carbonaceous selectivity promoter provided therein, a liquid feed input of the reactor vessel configured to receive a source of caustic, a hydrocarbon feed comprising oxidized sulfur containing compounds and a gas feed input of the reactor vessel configured to receive a source of hydrogen. The caustic desulfonylation method and system further includes an output of the reactor vessel releasing the caustic and an upgraded hydrocarbon product with sulfur content less than the sulfur content of the hydrocarbon feed received by the liquid feed of the reactor vessel.

Abstract: Systems, methods and compositions for reducing the heteroatom content of hydrocarbon feed using transition metal complexes and adsorption techniques. The transition metal complexes include titanyl, hafnyl and zirconyl complexes activated using one or more hydroperoxides or peracids. The activated adsorbents are incorporated into one or more vessels as an adsorption bed for adsorbing the heteroatoms present in hydrocarbon feeds. The systems, methods and compositions separate the heteroatoms passed through the system by contacting the adsorption compositions with the heteroatoms of the hydrocarbon feed, adsorbing the heteroatom to the adsorption material, further allowing for the retrieval of a hydrocarbon product having a reduced heteroatom content.

Abstract: Systems, methods and compositions for reducing the heteroatom content of hydrocarbon feed using transition metal complexes and adsorption techniques. The transition metal complexes include titanyl, hafnyl and zirconyl complexes activated using one or more hydroperoxides or peracids. The activated adsorbents are incorporated into one or more vessels as an adsorption bed for adsorbing the heteroatoms present in hydrocarbon feeds. The systems, methods and compositions separate the heteroatoms passed through the system by contacting the adsorption compositions with the heteroatoms of the hydrocarbon feed, adsorbing the heteroatom to the adsorption material, further allowing for the retrieval of a hydrocarbon product having a reduced heteroatom content.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.

Abstract: A compound of Formula (II) and (III), or a mixture of any two or more thereof; wherein M is Ti or Zr; R3 at each occurrence is H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OR4, NR5R6, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl; R4 is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl; R5 and R6 are independently H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylalkyl, or R5 and R6 may join to form a heterocyclic ring containing the N to which they are attached; and n?=0-4. Such compounds form optically transparent and/or clear films or particles or may be used to prepare such materials.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing oxidized-heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with a caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon product having at least 0.1 grams per gram of hydrocarbon product having a boiling range distribution from an initial boiling point to approximately 739° C. wherein the hydrocarbon products are further characterized by an infrared spectroscopy reference peak, centered between approximately 1445 cm?1 and 1465 cm?1, a first infrared spectroscopy peak between approximately 1310 cm?1 and 1285 cm?1, wherein the height of the first infrared spectroscopy peak is at least approximately 28% of the height of the infrared spectroscopy reference peak and a second infrared spectroscopy peak between approximately 1135 cm?1 and 1110 cm?1, wherein the height of the second infrared spectroscopy peak is at least approximately 22% of the height of the infrared spectroscopy reference peak.

Abstract: Catalysts amenable to oxidizing sulfur compounds and systems and methods of using these catalysts to effect the removal of sulfur from crude oil and crude oil distillates are disclosed. The catalyst is disposed with a titanyl moiety which serves to selectively coordinate sulfur compounds and affect their oxidation. The titanyl may be bound within a polymer or on the surface of a polymer or on the surface or in the pores of an inorganic support. The resulting oxidized sulfur compounds are readily separated from the initial crude oil or crude oil distillate streams by traditional separation techniques arrayed as described in the systems and methods disclosed.

Abstract: Compounds, synthesis of, and methods for synthesizing metal alkoxide derivatives; and metal alkoxide derivatives for use as flame retardants are described. Group 13 metal alkoxides having flame retardant properties may be prepared by reacting the group 13 metal trihydroxide with an alcohol.

Abstract: Energy down conversion phosphors represented by the chemical formula Ca1+xSr1?xGayIn2?ySzSe3?zF2 where (0?x?1, 0?y?2, 0?z?3) doped with rare earth and/or transition metal elements is disclosed. Dopant impurities may be one or more species such as Eu, Ce, Mn, Ru, and/or mixtures thereof present as activators. The molar fractions x, y and z, the dopant species and the dopant concentration may be varied to tune the peak emission wavelength and/or the width of the emission peak.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant and an immiscible acid to oxidize the heteroatoms, contacting the oxidized- heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed. The oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.

Abstract: Compounds, synthesis of, and methods for synthesizing metal alkoxide derivatives; and metal alkoxide derivatives for use as flame retardants are described. Group 13 metal alkoxides having flame retardant properties may be prepared by reacting the group 13 metal trihydroxide with an alcohol.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant to oxidize the heteroatoms, contacting the oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed. The oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed by removing heteroatom contaminants is disclosed. The method includes contacting the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with an oxidant to oxidize the heteroatoms, contacting the oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed with caustic and a selectivity promoter, and removing the heteroatom contaminants from the heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed. The oxidant may be used in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: A reaction system and method for removing heteroatoms from oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon streams and products derived therefrom are disclosed. An oxidized-heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon feed is reacted in a reaction system thereby forming non-ionic hydrocarbon products. The products derived therefrom are useful as transportation fuels, lubricants, refinery intermediates, or refinery feeds.