Abstract: Compositions for improving metabolic function in a subject include optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixtures enriched with the S-enantiomer. S-beta-hydroxybutyrate in pure or enriched form provides energy to the heart, dilates the arteries, decreases blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and increases cardiac output. S-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body than salts or esters, enhances taste, and reduces the need to include citric acid or other edible acids. S-Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are more slowly absorbed and utilized by the body and provide one or more electrolytes. S-Beta-hydroxybutyrate esters provide more controlled release without adding electrolytes. Compositions for improving heart function in a subject may contain a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the compositions contain from about 50.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for administering ketone bodies to a subject include a ketone body or ketone body precursor complexed with or coupled to at least one amino acid.

Abstract: Compositions for delivering ketone bodies to a subject include one or more beta-hydroxybutyrate salts, one or more acetoacetate salts, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and optionally acetoacetic acid. The compositions may optionally include one or more ketone body esters, such as one or more beta-hydroxybutyrate esters and/or one or more acetoacetate esters. An example composition contains about 2% to about 98% on a molar basis of the one or more beta-hydroxybutyrate salts and the one or more acetoacetate salts, about 2% to about 98% on a molar basis of the beta-hydroxybutyrate free acid and optionally the acetoacetate free acid, and optionally about 2% to about 98% on a molar basis of one or more ketone body esters.

Abstract: S-Beta-hydroxybutyric acid compositions for oral delivery are effective in rapidly raising blood ketone levels without causing acute acidosis or gastrointestinal (GI) distress when consumed in sufficiently dilute form and/or as a gel or suspension. By limiting added beta-hydroxybutyrate salts containing alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions, gels, or suspensions can deliver exogenous ketone bodies without significantly altering electrolyte balance. Although aqueous beta-hydroxybutyric acid solutions are moderately acidic with a pH of about 3.5 to 4, when diluted with sufficient water, the water acts as a pseudo buffering agent that offsets otherwise harsh acidic effects when consumed orally. Gels and suspensions can also ameliorate acidic effects by partially encapsulating the beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid can be pure S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid or a non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid relative to R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid.

Abstract: In various implementations, berberine metabolites, such as dihydroberberine and/or tetrahydroberberine, may be administered to manage blood glucose levels, increase ketone levels (e.g., blood concentration of ketones), and/or for therapeutic purposes in humans. The administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of berberine metabolites, such as dihydroberberine, may reduce fasting blood glucose levels, improve glucose tolerance, and/or improve blood ketone response. In some implementations, berberine metabolites may be administered with one or more other compounds.

Abstract: In various implementations, a composition comprising R-beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to cause weight loss, weight maintenance, elevate blood ketone levels, maintain blood ketone levels, reduce blood glucose levels, maintain blood glucose levels, improve energy, focus, mood, cognitive function, or aide with neurological or inflammatory disorders and/or combinations thereof. The composition may include sodium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate salts; potassium R-beta-hydroxybutyrate; and one or more other salts of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Abstract: Compositions for inducing and maintaining a state of flow in a subject include optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixtures enriched with the S-enantiomer. The S-beta-hydroxybutyrate enantiomer modulates the effect of ketone bodies in the subject and controls the rate at which ketosis is achieved. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body than salts or esters, enhances taste, and reduces the need to include citric acid or other edible acids. Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are more slowly absorbed and utilized by the body and can provide one or more electrolytes. Compositions for controlling ketone body level in a subject may contain a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the compositions contain from about 50.5% to 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from about 49.

Abstract: Beta-hydroxybutyrate compositions formulated for ingestion by oral delivery as a beverage include a liquid carrier, such as water, milk, drinkable liquid, coconut water, watermelon water, or electrolyte water, and beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate can be enriched in R-beta-hydroxybutyrate relative to S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the beta-hydroxybutyrate comprises R-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, S-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and optionally one or more salts or esters of R-beta-hydroxybutyrate and one or more salts or esters S-beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Abstract: An autobiotic composition includes a prebiotic component and postbiotic component. The prebiotic component is a substance resistant to digestion in the stomach and small intestine and selectively fermentable by microorganisms in the large intestine. The postbiotic component is a short-chain fatty acid, such as butyric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, or salt or ester thereof, such as tributyrin. An autobiotic composition beneficially combines the microbiome-enhancing effects of a prebiotic with the intestinal healing effects of a postbiotic to provide overall benefits to digestive health. A seedbiotic component may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition. Enzymes may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition to enhance digestion of the prebiotic in the stomach and intestine and/or increase microbiome health. An exogenous ketone body component may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition.

Abstract: A method of administering an autobiotic composition that includes a prebiotic component and postbiotic component. The prebiotic component is a substance resistant to digestion in the stomach and small intestine and selectively fermentable by microorganisms in the large intestine. The postbiotic component is a short-chain fatty acid, such as butyric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, or salt or ester thereof. The prebiotic component is advantageously delivered to the stomach and/or small intestine and the postbiotic is advantageously delivered to the large intestine. A seedbiotic component may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition. Enzymes may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition to enhance digestion of the prebiotic in the stomach and intestine and/or increase microbiome health. An exogenous ketone body component may form part of or be co-administered with the autobiotic composition.

Abstract: In various implementations, beta-hydroxybutyrate may be orally administered to individuals. Administration may allow treatment and/or prevention of respiratory illnesses, in some implementations. Administration may reduce recovery times and improve outcomes in individuals with respiratory illnesses.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for administering ketone bodies to a subject include beta-hydroxybutyrate complexed with or coupled to at least one amino acid.

Abstract: Compositions for inducing and maintaining a state of flow in a subject include optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixtures enriched with the S-enantiomer. The S-beta-hydroxybutyrate enantiomer modulates the effect of ketone bodies in the subject and controls the rate at which ketosis is achieved. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid is more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body than salts or esters, enhances taste, and reduces the need to include citric acid or other edible acids. Beta-hydroxybutyrate salts are more slowly absorbed and utilized by the body and can provide one or more electrolytes. Compositions for controlling ketone body level in a subject may contain a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optically pure S-beta-hydroxybutyrate or non-racemic mixture enriched with S-beta-hydroxybutyrate, wherein the compositions contain from about 50.5% to 100% by enantiomeric equivalents of S-beta-hydroxybutyrate and from about 49.

Abstract: In various implementations, beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to cause weight loss, weight maintenance, elevate blood ketone levels, maintain blood ketone levels, reduce blood glucose levels, maintain blood glucose levels, improve energy, focus, mood, cognitive function, or aide with neurological or inflammatory disorders and/or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are “ketone body-HMB” or “KB-HMB” compositions including a combination of: (1) hydroxymethyl butyrate; (2) a ketone body component such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and/or acetoacetate; and (3) optionally a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also disclosed herein are methods of using such compositions for producing desired physiological effects, such as fat loss, in a mammal. The compositions beneficially enhance fat loss through ketosis while also reducing or eliminating muscle wasting and/or promoting muscle formation.

Abstract: In various implementations, cannabidiol, beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to improve the health of the individual. The beta-hydroxybutyrate may include R-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The beta-hydroxybutyrate may include a salt and a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate. Other compounds may include amino acids, fatty acids or esters thereof, and/or combinations thereof.

Abstract: An energy-promoting composition includes an exogenous ketone body component that provides a source of caloric energy, a vasodilator component, a stimulant component, such as caffeine, and optionally a nootropic component. In most if not all cases, the vasodilator, stimulant, and nootropic components do not themselves provide a source of caloric energy but may increase metabolism of available caloric energy. The separate components beneficially and synergistically interact with one another to enhance the overall energy-promoting effect of the composition more rapidly and to a greater degree than if one or more of the components are omitted. The energy-promoting composition is also formulated to minimize the crash effect common to stimulants such as energy drinks.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are “paraxanthine-BHB” compositions including a combination of: (1) paraxanthine; (2) a ketone body or ketone body precursor, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) salt, BHB ester, BHB acid, acetoacetate salt, acetoacetate ester, acetoacetic acid, 1,3-butanediol, medium chain fatty acid, or ester of medium chain fatty acid; and (3) optionally a dietetically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition may include a short chain fatty acid or ester thereof in addition to or instead of the ketone body or ketone body precursor. The composition can provide enhanced cognitive flexibility, improved sustained attention, improved working memory, and neuroprotection in a mammal.

Abstract: In various implementations, beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to cause weight loss, weight maintenance, elevate blood ketone levels, maintain blood ketone levels, reduce blood glucose levels, maintain blood glucose levels, improve energy, focus, mood, cognitive function, or aide with neurological or inflammatory disorders and/or combinations thereof.

Abstract: In various implementations, beta-hydroxybutyrate, related compounds, and/or one or more other compounds may be administered to an individual to cause weight loss, weight maintenance, elevate blood ketone levels, maintain blood ketone levels, reduce blood glucose levels, maintain blood glucose levels, improve energy, focus, mood, cognitive function, or aide with neurological or inflammatory disorders and/or combinations thereof.