Abstract: A method comprises receiving touch contact from a user on a surface and disinfecting the surface after the user breaks contact with the surface. The method includes changing color of the surface after the user breaks contact with the surface from a first color to a second color as a visible indicator that the surface has been recently touched. Further, the method includes changing the color of the surface from the second color back to the first color after disinfecting the surface as an indicator that the surface is safe to touch.

Abstract: A of using an ultraviolet (UV) light emitter is disclosed herein. The method includes measuring, by a processor, a first distance from the UV light emitter to a target surface, activating, by the processor, the UV light emitter, and recording, by the processor, a second distance from the UV light emitter to the target surface. The method further includes calculating, by the processor, an accumulated dose of UV light on the target surface based at least in part on the second distance and deactivating, by the processor, the UV light emitter in response to the accumulated dose reaching a target dose.

Abstract: A temperature control unit for independent control of a number of independent channels, as can exist with a cluster tool used for semiconductor fabrication, has high efficiency, long term life and reliability, and requires only a small floor area. To these ends, the unit employs a single high capacity refrigeration system and disposes a number of separate temperature control channels for the individual tools, with only some channels receiving refrigerant. Low temperature channels use high pressure, sub-cooled refrigerant for chilling the heat transfer fluid to selected levels controlled by proportional valves adjusting refrigerant flow through evaporator heat exchanger units which cool heat transfer fluid. Moderate temperature channels cool the heat transfer fluid for associated tools to an ambient temperature level.

Abstract: A temperature control unit for independent control of a number of independent channels, as can exist with a cluster tool used for semiconductor fabrication, has high efficiency, long term life and reliability, and requires only a small floor area. To these ends, the unit employs a single high capacity refrigeration system and disposes a number of separate temperature control channels for the individual tools, with only some channels receiving refrigerant. Low temperature channels use high pressure, sub-cooled refrigerant for chilling the heat transfer fluid to selected levels controlled by proportional valves adjusting refrigerant flow through evaporator heat exchanger units which cool heat transfer fluid. Moderate temperature channels cool the heat transfer fluid for associated tools to an ambient temperature level.

Abstract: A temperature control unit for independent control of a number of independent channels, as can exist with a cluster tool used for semiconductor fabrication, has high efficiency, long term life and reliability, and requires only a small floor area. To these ends, the unit employs a single high capacity refrigeration system and disposes a number of separate temperature control channels for the individual tools, with only some channels receiving refrigerant. Low temperature channels use high pressure, sub-cooled refrigerant for chilling the heat transfer fluid to selected levels controlled by proportional valves adjusting refrigerant flow through evaporator heat exchanger units which cool heat transfer fluid. Moderate temperature channels cool the heat transfer fluid for associated tools to an ambient temperature level.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for insuring that excessive demand is not placed on a refrigeration unit that supplies pressurized subcooled refrigerant to different channels having independent needs for use of refrigeration capacity. A separate reference channel receives a portion of the refrigerant and expands the refrigerant fully to a gas phase to establish a minimum level reference temperature. In the operative channels the refrigerant flows into individual evaporators/heat exchangers at rates set by external command signals, the refrigerant being in heat exchange relation with thermal transfer fluid in the evaporator/heat exchanger. Evaporation of refrigerant in each channel thus brings the thermal transfer fluid for that channel to the target temperature. By comparing the post evaporation temperature in each channel to the reference temperature and reducing the refrigerant flow rate whenever the difference is below a threshold, individual channels are not overtaxed and the system remains stable.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for insuring that excessive demand is not placed on a refrigeration unit that supplies pressurized subcooled refrigerant to different channels having independent needs for use of refrigeration capacity. A separate reference channel receives a portion of the refrigerant and expands the refrigerant fully to a gas phase to establish a minimum level reference temperature. In the operative channels the refrigerant flows into individual evaporators/heat exchangers at rates set by external command signals, the refrigerant being in heat exchange relation with thermal transfer fluid in the evaporator/heat exchanger. Evaporation of refrigerant in each channel thus brings the thermal transfer fluid for that channel to the target temperature. By comparing the post evaporation temperature in each channel to the reference temperature, and reducing the refrigerant flow rate whenever the difference is below a threshold, individual channels are not overtaxed and the system remains stable.

Abstract: A temperature control unit for independent control of a number of independent channels, as can exist with a cluster tool used for semiconductor fabrication, has high efficiency, long term life and reliability, and requires only a small floor area. To these ends, the unit employs a single high capacity refrigeration system and disposes a number of separate temperature control channels for the individual tools, with only some channels receiving refrigerant. Low temperature channels use high pressure, sub-cooled refrigerant for chilling the heat transfer fluid to selected levels controlled by proportional valves adjusting refrigerant flow through evaporator heat exchanger units which cool heat transfer fluid. Moderate temperature channels cool the heat transfer fluid for associated tools to an ambient temperature level.

Abstract: A system for pressurizing and pumping a fluid that may undergo substantial variations in temperature utilizes a motor with an enclosed rotor disposed adjacent and in driving relation to a centrifugal pump, but thermally isolated even though the fluid being pumped serves to establish hydrodynamic effects at large journal bearings supporting the rotor and the pump. The rotor is in magnetic interchange relation with an associated stator through a magnetic housing which, together with a pump mount coupling the motor to the pump, is fully encloses, apart from pump inlet and outlet apertures. The pump mount includes a low diameter neck portion about the shaft teat has low axial heat conductivity, thus providing an isolation spacing that also is filled with insulation material to eliminate significant convective heat transfer.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for linearizing the performance of electrical transformers using negative feedback. Two circuits are disclosed which use an operational amplifier to compensate a three-winding transformer, yielding an improved low-end frequency response, reduced harmonic distortion, and substantially resistive input and output impedances.