Abstract: A ballast layer for a field emissive device includes a very thin layer of strongly doped nanocrystalline silicon and one or more moderately doped layers of an amorphous silicon-based material.

Abstract: A tool with at least one area which is to be exposed to wear, is coated in a vacuum process with a first hard coating lying directly on the tool material and a superimposed exterior friction reducing layer over the hard coating. The grain size of the hard and friction reducing layers has a linear average width of less than 1 .mu.m.

Abstract: A tool with at least one area which is to be exposed to wear, is coated in a vacuum process with a first hard coating lying directly on the tool material and a superimposed exterior friction reducing layer over the hard coating. The grain size of the hard and friction reducing layers has a linear average width of less than 1 .mu.m.

Abstract: A sputtering target, magnetron sputtering source using the sputtering target, and vacuum coating apparatus using the magnetron source, wherein the performance of the target is improved by providing a concave ring shaped sputtering surface on the target which is continuously curved between an inner rim area and an outer rim area of the target.

Abstract: A shield to limit an electric arc discharge between an anode and a cathode to a designated portion of the cathode surface is fashioned in the shape of a limiting ring with good electrically conducting surface, e.g., copper or aluminum, surrounding this surface. Application of the invention, especially with heavy current arc discharges causes the tracing point of the discharge to move stochastically back and forth on the cathode.

Abstract: A shield to limit an electric arc discharge between an anode and a cathode to a designated portion of the cathode surface is fashioned in the shape of a limiting ring with good electrically conducting surface, e.g., copper or aluminum, surrounding this surface. Application of the invention, especially with heavy current arc discharges causes the tracing point of the discharge to move stochastically back and forth on the cathode.

Abstract: For coating workpieces having basic bodies (3), with a ceramic, electrically non-conducting material, during the coating process a pulsating dc voltage is applied to the basic bodies (3) or their holders (36). Preferably the pulse height is changed during vaporization used for the coating process, from high negative values to smaller negative values. A further layer can be applied onto the workpieces coated in this way whereby these work-pieces, due to their excellent corrosion resistance, are suited as pieces of jewelry which can be exposed in particular to ocean water and body perspiration, as rolling bodies in which the use of oil or grease as corrosion protection can be dispensed with, and as separating and cutting tools for organic materials.

Abstract: Machine elements formed which overcome the problems associated with rolling bearings or rolling drive units, which, apart from load under rolling are simultaneously exposed to frictional load, which leads in particular zones to frictional wear. In order to keep this to a minimum the invention teaches to apply on the effected surfaces of such structural parts a coating of a friction bearing material, which, however, according to the findings of the invention must be applied with the PVD method and must have a thickness of the order of magnitude of the surface roughness of the base body; known thicker friction bearing coatings are not suitable. The invention is especially for forming gear wheels, rolling bearings, shafts, compressor screws, and rolling pistons.

Abstract: In conventional attachments of target plates for cathode sputtering the danger always existed that they will become plastically deformed at the operating temperature and detach from a cooling support. For secure attachment without fastening means on the front side to be disintegrated, the target plate according to the invention presents on its back a cutout (4) in which there is inserted by means of a mechanical spring union, e.g. by means of a lock ring (8), an auxiliary body (6) of a material of higher strength and higher softening point than the material to be disintegrated, which body has a threaded bore (12) for attachment of the target plate on a support (1).

Abstract: A multiple holder for substrates to be treated, particularly finish-ground spectacle lenses to be cleaned and then coated, comprises four arms 1a to 1d forming a rectangular cross. On their sides facing the four quadrants, the arms are provided with grooves for receiving the substrates 11 to be treated which substrates are forced by springs 4a to 4d to engage the grooves. The holder is used primarily for the secure holding and transportation of substrates during a sequence of treating operations.

Abstract: An evaporator cell for vacuum deposition on substrates comprises a cell housing which has one end with a vapor escape opening and an opposite end into which is positionable a plug member which is moved in the housing so that its closed end be positioned in a position closing the vapor escape opening or away therefrom into various opening positions for regulating the amount of vapor which escapes during the vapor deposition. The plug is advantageously a closed tubular member which contains a heating element therein and is advantageously moved by means of a plunger which is mounted in a wall of the evaporator so as to be sealed.