Abstract: A method of closed-loop controlling determines a first feedback variable by sampling a control variable and a second feedback variable by averaging the control variable, compares the first and second feedback variables with a command variable, and sets the control variable on the basis of the comparing result so that the control variable follows a command variable.

Abstract: A real-time industrial Ethernet EtherCAT system including a communication master and a plurality of slave nodes, wherein one slave node acts as a logic control master and the further slave nodes act as logic control slaves, and wherein a communication flow is as follows: the communication master sends a data fetching frame, when the data fetching frame passes through the logic control master, the logic control master inputs control data for the logic control slaves into the data fetching frame, when the data fetching frame passes through the logic control slaves, each logic control slave inputs status data into the data fetching frame, after return of the data fetching frame to the communication master, the communication master sends a data sending frame with output data, said output data being reorganized according to the control relationship between the logic control master and the logic control slaves by the communication master, when the data sending frame passes through the logic control master, the logi

Abstract: A communication system comprises a multiplicity of slave units and a master unit. The slave units are coupled to one another via a first communication path and a second communication path, the first communication path and the second communication path operating in opposite directions to one another, and a master unit, the master unit being coupled to the multiplicity of slave units via the first communication path and the second communication path. The master unit comprises a transmit control unit, the transmit control unit separately transmitting an information signal with a data field which has for each slave unit an associated data area, on the first communication path as a first information signal and on the second communication path as a second information signal.

Abstract: An interface unit is provided for a communication system comprising a master unit and a plurality of slave units serially connecting the master unit via a double ring structure comprising a first communication path and a second communication path. The interface unit comprises a first switching unit, which is configured to output information signals received by the master unit as a first information signal to the first communication path and as a second information signal to the second communication path; and a second switching unit, which is configured to forward the first information signal circulating on the first communication path and second information signal circulating on the second communication path to the master unit.

Abstract: In a serial bus system data in the form of telegrams, representing process images of control tasks of the active station, are transmitted to the connected passive stations, and the process data are allocated to the process images in the passive station.

Abstract: In a method for controlling objects, objects to be controlled are arranged in a real space. Said real space is linked to a multi-dimensional representational space by a transformation rule. Representations in the representational space are associated with the controllable objects of the real space by a mapping. Said method comprises steps of determining the position and orientation of a pointer in the real space, determining the position and orientation of a pointer representation associated with the pointer in the representational space using the position and orientation of the pointer in the real space and the transformation rule between the real space and the representational space, determining the representations in the representational space that are intersected by the pointer representation, selecting a representation that is intersected by the pointer representation, and controlling the object in the real space that is associated with the pointer representation in the representational space.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical waveguide plug part of an optical waveguide plug connector for an optical waveguide, which has a fiber and a sheath, with a contact carrier for receiving the optical waveguide and at least one clamping part for securing the optical waveguide in the contact carrier, wherein the clamping part as a first clamping section for clamping the sheath of the optical waveguide and a second clamping section for clamping the fiber of the optical waveguide.

Abstract: A network coupler is provided between a network, on which Ethernet messages can be transmitted, and a plurality of subscribers, the network being linked to an external interface of the network coupler and the plurality of subscribers being linked in series to a ring-type transmission path via an internal interface of the network coupler. For interchanging data, an Ethernet message received via the external interface of the network coupler is forwarded to the internal Ethernet interface of the network coupler and is output onto the ring-type transmission path, each subscriber connected to the internal interface interchanging the useful data intended for the respective subscriber with the Ethernet message circulating on the ring-type transmission path.

Abstract: When data are sent in the form of Ethernet messages on an Ethernet transmission link using an interface to link a node to the Ethernet transmission link, the data to be sent are converted using a conversion unit in line with a transmission standard of the Ethernet protocol in order to provide Ethernet messages, and a transmission unit is used for ongoing transmission of the provided Ethernet messages, with Ethernet messages being output onto the Ethernet transmission link continuously.

Abstract: A method of closed-loop controlling determines a first feedback variable by sampling a control variable and a second feedback variable by averaging the control variable, compares the first and second feedback variables with a command variable, and sets the control variable on the basis of the comparing result so that the control variable follows a command variable.

Abstract: In a serial bus system data in the form of telegrams, representing process images of control tasks of the active station, are transmitted to the connected passive stations, and the process data are allocated to the process images in the passive station.

Abstract: A method transmits data packets on a data transmission link between two communication subscribers. The data packets respectively contain a check character which is calculated from the other data in the data packet. One communication subscriber uses the check character from the last data packet received by the other communication subscriber as start value for calculating the check character for a subsequent data packet which is to be sent to the other communication subscriber.

Abstract: A communication system comprising a master unit and a plurality of slave units. In error mode, e.g. when a path error or a complete failure of a subscriber occurs, data transmission is carried out in a loop, starting from the master unit, via a first communication path and a second communication path.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recognizing a fault when processing input data in a processing system to form a data packet which contains output data and a test data item, the test data item being formed in order to confirm the validity of the output data. The following method steps are executed serially: The output data ascertained on the basis of the input data in line with a first processing method. The test data item is ascertained on the basis of the input data in line with a second processing method, with intermediate output data being ascertained on the basis of the input data in line with a third processing method, and a test data item is determined from the ascertained intermediate output data in line with a fourth processing method, wherein the first processing method and the third processing method implement the same function by different routes. A fault is recognized in the processing system if the validity of the output data cannot be confirmed by the test data item.

Abstract: A power circuit including a current-limiting semi-conductor switch and a control system connected to the current-limiting semi-conductor switch and configured to bias the semi-conductor switch into conduction and into cut-off. The control system further comprises a short-circuit protection circuit configured to detect and evaluate the voltage drop via the current-limiting semi-conductor switch.