Abstract: Disclosed is a method for assigning the content of a digital image to a class of a classification system. Said method comprises the following steps: —a predetermined number of F numerical shape characteristics ?m are determined; —the value of each shape characteristic of the F numerical shape characteristics determined for the image is compared to the value filed in a table for the respective shape characteristic, values for the individual numerical shape characteristics being allocated to each class in the table; —the class in which the F numerical shape characteristics determined for said image correspond best to the values of the numerical shape characteristics indicated in the table for said class is output as the class into which the image that is to be recognized is classified.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for leveling profiles (5). When the hot-rolled profiles are cooled off, they deform considerably. Therefore, the profiles are not leveled while they are hot but are first cooled off. The inventive method for the first time allows leveling hot profiles at a profile temperature of >70° C. while maintaining their once leveled profile shape when cooled off. For this purpose, the leveling force during leveling is applied directly to the flange (5b, 5c). As a consequence, the original state of stresses in the web (5a) and in the web roots remains unchanged and disadvantageous internal stresses are avoided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for optically measuring the surface shape and for the optical surface inspection of moving elongated bodies, according to which surface shape measurement and surface inspection are integrated. A projector applies a line pattern to the object to be measured. A camera registers the surface of the object to be measured and compares the image information with a reference pattern. Two high-resolution cameras additionally detect surface defects on the object to be measured. The inventive measuring technique is especially suitable for a combined planarity and surface measurement of metal strips in rolling installations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for non-destructive testing of materials, in which at least two differently guided waves (modes) are produced in the solid body, each at at least one specified angle, the measured reflection values are placed in relation to a reference echo in order to obtain a relative reflection value, and the relative reflection values of the individual modes are again placed in relation to one another, thereby enabling the size and type of the defects to be determined.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for the rolling or winding of strip having an equal thickness over the strip width, in which the tension in a strip length portion limited by rolls, winders, or control, guide or deflecting rollers is measured by means of a measuring roller. In order, in this case, to obtain more accurate measurement values and keep disturbing stresses away from the measuring point, between the measuring roller and an assembly (roll, winder, or control, guide or deflecting roller) causing disturbing stresses in the strip, a partitioning device for absorbing the disturbing stresses is arranged.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for non-destructive testing of materials, in which at least two differently guided waves (modes) are produced in the solid body, each at at least one specified angle, the measured reflection values are placed in relation to a reference echo in order to obtain a relative reflection value, and the relative reflection values of the individual modes are again placed in relation to one another, thereby enabling the size and type of the defects to be determined.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transmitting system for the generation of ultrasonic waves for testing materials, comprising a controllable signal generator and an ultrasonic transducer, wherein the signal generator and the ultrasonic transducer are arranged in the immediate vicinity of one another, in order to provide a transmitting system for ultrasonic testing which has higher effectiveness and lower manufacturing costs than known transmitting systems.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flatness measurement and control system for metal strip, which makes it possible to obtain improved strip or coil quality by a simple and effective measurement of departures from flatness and to control the finishing parameters through the evaluation of a line pattern on the strip surface or on the end face of a coil as it is coiled.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flatness measurement and control system for metal strip, which makes it possible to obtain improved strip or coil quality by a simple and effective measurement of departures from flatness and to control the finishing parameters through the evaluation of a line pattern on the strip surface or on the end face of a coil as it is coiled.

Abstract: In order to create a regenerative, energy-saving fuel firing for an industrial furnace, particularly for a metal smelting furnace, that can flexibly take all possible time and space operating conditions and demands of the furnace to be heated as well as the thermic conditions of the respectively employed, heat-storing regenerators exactly into consideration, it is inventively proposed that at least two regenerator/burner modules (3) are switchable from burner mode (7) into regenerator mode (7r) (exhaust gas extraction mode) or, respectively, vice versa independently of one another proceeding from the process controller of the industrial furnace (1), namely with employment of reverse valves (11) or reversible ventilators or, respectively, two-stream ventilators.

Abstract: The invention concerns a measuring idler-roller for measuring stress distution of flexible bands that are moved in the direction of their length, in which roller force-measuring transducers arranged in recesses or their covers are surrounded by a plastic layer that fills in a gap and prevents the penetration of fine abraded metal particles, and makes easier the installation of the cover and/or the measuring transducer.

Abstract: In a process for presetting the adjusting-member positions of a roll stand upon the rolling of a new coil or for the next pass in each case during cold rolling of bands, adjusting-member positions for the band flatness are used that are based on the corresponding actual data of the first pass of a reference coil, whose reference data results in the best correspondence with the target data of the new coil, or on the actual data of the preceding pass. At the same time, the band thickness can be preset by the specification of a rolling force or adjustment position adapted over a certain time period from the actual data of reference conditions of the roll stand or the rolling mill train.

Abstract: In an apparatus for straightening metal strip comprising guide rolls arranged parallel to one another a straightening roll is arranged in the gusset space between two guide rolls which has the strip wrapped round it in a form-fitting manner between two lines of contact along which the guide rolls are in indirect contact with the straightening roll. This makes it possible to straighten even high-strength strip without the need to apply tensile loads which exceed the magnitude needed to transport the strip through the apparatus.

Abstract: In order to create a regenerative, energy-saving fuel firing for an industrial furnace, particularly for a metal smelting furnace, that can flexibly take all possible time and space operating conditions and demands of the furnace to be heated as well as the thermic conditions of the respectively employed, heat-storing regenerators exactly into consideration, it is inventively proposed that at least two regenerator/burner modules (3) are switchable from burner mode (7) into regenerator mode (7r) (exhaust gas extraction mode) or, respectively, vice versa independently of one another proceeding from the process controller of the industrial furnace (1), namely with employment of reverse valves (11) or reversible ventilators or, respectively, two-stream ventilators.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the profile of a surface using contactless distance measurement, wherein a light pencil which has been scattered and reflected from the surface is split into two light pencils having substantially the same distribution of intensities in a plane transverse to the direction of propagation. In doing so, the ratio of the intensities of the two partial pencils is dependent on the principal beam direction of the light pencil which was scattered and reflected from the surface. At least one of the partial pencils is then detected by a photodetector and a resulting signal from the photodetector is evaluated as an accurate measure of surface profile or roughness. By providing this method and apparatus, noise from interference phenomena such as "speckles" is significantly reduced, and thus, the evaluated signal(s) from the photodetector(s) become more reliable.

Abstract: A deflecting roller for sensing the distribution of stress along the roller while the roller deflects a strip of sheet material, and in particular, a deflecting roller having a plurality of stress sensors disposed around the roller such that the stress sensors sense the radially acting force on the roller, without contributing any interfering forces thereto. The roller has a plurality of measuring locations defined about the circumference of the roller. Each measurement location includes a recess in the roller; a stress-responsive sensor disposed in the recess; and a sensor cover positioned within the recess so as to cover the stress-responsive sensor. The sensor cover has the same cross sectional shape as the recess so that the sensor cover is guided by the wall of the recess for radial movement with respect to the roller. The sensor cover does not rest on a shoulder in the recess.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for the interferometric detection of surface displacements of solids, particularly in test material which is excited with ultrasonic waves, in which an illumination laser 10 radiates the test material surface 2, and a portion of the reflected light, after passing through a differing optical path length, is brought into a state of interference, while the interference is identified by an installed detector 9. In arrangements of this type known to the prior art, a very expensive apparatus and control system is needed to assure that demodulation of the reflected laser light is performed with maximum sensitivity.

Abstract: A deflection measuring roller includes mutually non-rotatable rings having orce sensors for determining the stress distribution of undirected, flexible strips. A receiving chamber is made of a window which is formed in the material of the annular wall and within which the force sensor and wedge are provided.

Abstract: Apparatus for adjusting the position of an edge between two surface porti of a moving belt with different spectral reflectivities where required in connection with work or treatment needed along the edge of one of the two surface portions while the belt is moving. It is a pre-requisite condition that the mutually adjacent surfaces of the belt are sufficiently significantly optically detectable which is impaired, for example, in the presence of surface contamination by dirt and the like. In order to obtain a significant signal in such circumstances, the edge region is illuminated and an imaging or focussing lens associated with a beam splitter is arranged in the focus beam. Following the beam splitter the two part-beams pass through one filter each to impinge on in each case a photodiode receiver, each filter blocking passage in that wavelength range in which the other filter is transmissive.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for determining the position of a surface in which radiation from an optical radiant source is applied to the surface and, by means of a lens system, an image of the radiation is produced on a photoelectric receiver. A laser serves as the radiant source, and is aimed at an angle of inclination relative to an optical axis of the lens system at a point of a surface which, by virtue of its temperature, emits visible radiation in the same wavelength range as the Laser. The surface extends approximately perpendicularly of the optical axis and is subject to positional variations along the said optical axis. The beam is directed from the irradiated point to the photoelectric receiver through a narrow-band optical filter of which the pass band includes the laser wavelength.