Abstract: Methods for amplification of nucleic acids in cells are provided. Also provided are cells that contain the nucleic acids.

Abstract: Methods for amplification of nucleic acids in cells are provided. Also provided are cells that contain the nucleic acids.

Abstract: A fully light-controllable integrated optical switch applicable in a slab geometry configuration includes a waveguide and an ad-medium in contact with the waveguide. The the ad-medium comprises a photochromic protein as a material of non-linear optical property, wherein switching of a light propagating in the waveguide is effected by a change of an optical property of the ad-medium caused by a light-induced transition of the photochromic protein from one defined molecular state to another.

Abstract: Methods for preparing cell lines that contain artificial chromosomes, methods for preparation of artificial chromosomes, methods for purification of artificial chromosomes, methods for targeted insertion of heterologous DNA into artificial chromosomes, and methods for delivery of the chromosomes to selected cells and tissues are provided. Also provided are cell lines for use in the methods, and cell lines and chromosomes produced by the methods. In particular, satellite artificial chromosomes that, except for inserted heterologous DNA, are substantially composed of heteroaromatic are provided. Methods for use of the artificial chromosomes, including for gene therapy, production of gene products and production of transgenic plants and animals are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for preparing cell lines that contain artificial chromosomes, methods for preparation of artificial chromosomes, methods for purification of artificial chromosomes, methods for targeted insertion of heterologous DNA into artificial chromosomes, and methods for delivery of the chromosomes to selected cells and tissues are provided. Also provided are cell lines for use in the methods, and cell lines and chromosomes produced by the methods. In particular, satellite artificial chromosomes that, except for inserted heterologous DNA, are substantially composed of heterochromatin are provided. Methods for use of the artificial chromosomes, including for gene therapy, production of gene products and production of transgenic plants and animals are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for preparing cell lines that contain artificial chromosomes, methods for preparation of artificial chromosomes, methods for purification of artificial chromosomes, methods for targeted insertion of heterologous DNA into artificial chromosomes, and methods for delivery of the chromosomes to selected cells and tissues are provided. Also provided are cell lines for use in the methods, and cell lines and chromosomes produced by the methods. In particular, satellite artificial chromosomes that, except for inserted heterologous DNA, are substantially composed of heterochromatin are provided. Methods for use of the artificial chromosomes, including for gene therapy, production of gene products and production of transgenic plants and animals are also provided.

Abstract: DNA fragments and methods for obtaining them are disclosed which when put into mammalian cells together with a dominant marker gene are able to form functional centromeres. The sequences can be used to generate probes for these centromeres. Cell lines containing the functional centromeres are also provided. Methods are taught for isolating mammalian centromeric DNA as well as for producing cell lines carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres linked to a dominant selectable marker gene.

Abstract: DNA fragments and methods for obtaining them are disclosed which when put into mammalian cells together with a dominant marker gene are able to generate functional centromeres. The sequences can be used to form probes for these centromeres. Cell lines containing the functional centromeres are also provided. Methods are taught for isolating mammalian centromeric DNA as well as for producing cell lines carrying an excess of mammalian centromeres linked to a dominant selectable marker gene.