Abstract: A model for anatomical training includes a visibly clear thermoplastic elastomer matrix formed with at least one contoured surface, the contoured surface simulating at least a portion of a human body. The visibly clear thermoplastic elastomer matrix provides visible needle tracks upon needle penetration that may be fused closed upon heating the thermoplastic elastomer matrix such that the needle tracks are no longer visible. The model includes a skeletal structure embedded within the thermoplastic elastomer matrix at the same location, relative to the contoured surface, as the corresponding skeletal structure is located in a human body, the skeletal structure producing a fluoroscopic image representative of human bone corresponding to the skeletal structure.

Abstract: For use in training needle techniques such as spinal anesthesia and or lumbar epidural steroid injections, a spinal model includes a complete natural bone vertebral column that is embedded in a matrix of crystal clear ballistic gel. The synthetic gel does not harbor bacteria, can be reused and does not require refrigeration. Natural bone offers significantly better image contrast over radiopaque replicas. A transparent synthetic gel matrix permits observation of needle progression by both the trainee and the trainer and provides unique opportunities for coaching and intercession to prevent poor needle placement prior to its occurrence.

Abstract: For use in training needle techniques such as spinal anesthesia and or lumbar epidural steroid injections, a spinal model includes a complete natural bone vertebral column that is embedded in a matrix of crystal clear ballistic gel. The synthetic gel does not harbor bacteria, can be reused and does not require refrigeration. Natural bone offers significantly better image contrast over radiopaque replicas. A transparent synthetic gel matrix permits observation of needle progression by both the trainee and the trainer and provides unique opportunities for coaching and intercession to prevent poor needle placement prior to its occurrence.