Abstract: Provided is a method of identifying a genetically abnormal cell in a sputum sample, the method comprising: (a) staining a sputum sample using a morphological stain so as to identify a lower airway tract cell or lung cell in the sputum sample; and (b) staining the sputum sample using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) so as to identify in the lower airway tract cell or lung cell a genetic abnormality in at least one of human chromosome 3p22.1 and 10q22-23, thereby identifying the genetically abnormal cell in the sputum sample. Also provided are methods and kits of diagnosing lung cancer by detecting a presence of genetically abnormal cells above a predetermined threshold in a sputum sample.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus with an autofocus mechanism for obtaining focused images. The apparatus comprises: an objective lens, a focus controller for altering a distance between the objective lens and a sample, an object finder for finding objects of interest within the sample, for example cells, and a light intensity measurement unit which measures light intensity levels of the thus identified objects of interest. The focus control alters the sample-objective distance to maximize the light intensity levels being measured, thereby to arrive at a focus position. Objects of interest may be identified by filtering out large objects and optionally by masking out background regions. The apparatus is useful for microscopy and particularly for fluorescent imaging in which light levels are low and noise is often high.

Abstract: A data acquisition and display system comprises: a data acquisition device, such as a camera, microscope, telescope, thermal imager, medical scanning device, radar etc, operable to acquire data in scans over a field of interest using each of at least a first and a second data acquisition method. A field data storage device stores the field data together with corresponding field location data that describes a location within the field of interest. A field data display device such as a screen is operable to display simultaneously data from matched locations in the field of interest acquired respectively by the different data acquisition methods. The data, generally image data, may be superimposed or displayed side by side as desired. Preferably, one of the images being displayed is live whilst the other is recalled from the field data storage device.

Abstract: The invention provides methods of detecting cancerous cells in biological samples using a double staining/dual imaging approach, which can be used to diagnose cancer. More specifically, the present invention provides methods of diagnosing bladder cancer by a simultaneous scanning of cell morphology and FISH signals of cells derived from a urine sample.