Abstract: Method to create trust for blockchains without the need for Proof-of-Work and without the need for multiple contributing nodes. The method comprises one or more, backward chained elements in each block. These elements have a one-way property from the current block to the previous block. The invention can be implemented in Hardware, Software or in a combination of both. Embodiments of the back-step blockchain comprise existing blockchain applications and new blockchain application where speed or physical size or network independency are desired properties. One, but not the only embodiment is the implementation of the back-step blockchain into smartphones.

Abstract: Method to create trust for blockchains without the need for Proof-of-Work and without the need for multiple contributing nodes. The method comprises one or more, backward chained elements in each block. These elements have a one-way property from the current block to the previous block. The invention can be implemented in Hardware, Software or in a combination of both. Embodiments of the back-step blockchain comprise existing blockchain applications and new blockchain application where speed or physical size or network independency are desired properties. One, but not the only embodiment is the implementation of the back-step blockchain into smartphones.