Abstract: Systems, methods, and non-transitory computing devices for maintaining immutability. Some methods include creating, by a processor, an alternating structure of a plurality of blocks and a first plurality of timestamp attestations, wherein a first subset of blocks of the plurality of blocks includes a link to at least one of the first plurality of timestamp attestations of at least one preceding block of the plurality of blocks. Creating the alternating structure further includes constructing a first data structure including a first set of ordered transactions and creating a first block of the plurality of blocks including a linking root of the first data structure. Creating the alternating structure further includes creating a first timestamp attestation over the first block. The method further includes determining an order of the plurality of blocks corresponding with at least one chain, determining a set of blocks of the plurality of blocks and replicating.

Abstract: A method for creating and maintaining immutability, agreement and availability of data including the steps of building an alternating structure of blocks and timestamp attestations; determining an order of blocks; determining which of the blocks are on a main chain; and using a trusted replication service to replicate all of the blocks, timestamp attestations, sequence attestations, and leaves of the Merkle trees. A computer program product comprising a storage device storing instructions in a non-transitory manner, which instructions cause the computing device to create and maintain immutability, agreement and availability of data according to the foregoing method. A computing device comprising a processing unit, memory or other storage device coupled to the processing unit, the memory or other storage device storage instructions, which cause the computing device to create and maintain immutability, agreement and availability of data according to the foregoing method.