Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a high energy photon detector. A first scintillation crystal is provided. A first plurality of photosensors is on a first face of the first scintillation crystal, wherein the first plurality is at least two. A second scintillation crystal is provided. A second plurality of photosensors is on a first face of the second scintillation crystal, wherein the second plurality is at least two. An optical coupling interface is between a second face of the first scintillation crystal and a second face of the second scintillation crystal, wherein the optical coupling interface provides an optical transmission between the first scintillation crystal and the second scintillation crystal, so that the distribution of scintillation light created in one crystal is allowed to spread into the second crystal.

Abstract: A device fabrication method includes: (1) providing a growth substrate including a base and an oxide layer disposed over the base; (2) forming a metal layer over the oxide layer; (3) forming a stack of device layers over the metal layer; (4) performing interfacial debonding of the metal layer to separate the stack of device layers and the metal layer from the growth substrate; and (5) affixing the stack of device layers to a target substrate.

Abstract: An optical sensor, a method of configuring an optical sensor, and a method of using an optical sensor are provided. The optical sensor includes an optical loop having a length and a laser source optically coupled to the loop. The laser source has a coherence length. Light from the source is transmitted to the loop as a first signal and a second signal counterpropagating along the loop. The optical paths of the first signal and the second signal are substantially reciprocal with one another and the first signal and the second signal are combined together after counterpropagating through the loop to generate a third signal. A ratio of the coherence length to the length of the loop is greater than 1.

Abstract: A method estimates a nonlinearity profile of a material. The method includes providing a magnitude of a transform of a measured nonlinearity profile measured from the material. The method further includes providing an estimated phase term of the transform of the measured nonlinearity profile. The method further includes multiplying the magnitude and the estimated phase term to generate an estimated transform. The method further includes calculating an inverse transform of the estimated transform. The method further includes calculating a real component of the inverse transform to generate an estimated nonlinearity profile.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for the enhanced in vitro synthesis of polypeptides containing disulfide bonds. In order to improve the performance of in vitro protein synthesis reactions, pre-treatment and redox buffering of the reaction mix is performed in order to optimize the redox potential. Exogenous enzymes that enhance protein folding and disulfide bond formation may also be added to the reaction.