Abstract: A pump mechanism having multiple cylinders, whose axes are situated around a crankshaft to enclose predetermined angles, and whose pistons are each functionally connected to a connecting rod mounted on a crank on the crankshaft, each connecting rod being mounted on its own crank and the cranks having a predetermined angular offset to one another. This angular offset of the cranks is selected in accordance with the angle which the cylinder axes enclose in such a way that the phase shifts between each two pistons of the cylinders actuated in sequence during a rotation of the crankshaft are equally large.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pump device with a first diaphragm pump head having two or an integral multiple of two fluid delivery chambers and diaphragms associated therewith, which are hydraulically coupled to a second diaphragm pump head. The second diaphragm pump head has two additional fluid delivery chambers and additional membranes associated therewith, which are drivable by a double-acting piston via associated diaphragm control chambers, a refilling valve being connected in each case to the diaphragm control chambers and the diaphragm control chambers being temporarily impinged with a diaphragm control pressure, which is greater than atmospheric pressure, using the refilling valve. The piston may thus be activated using a relatively small force to achieve a delivery action.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pump device having a diaphragm pump head with two fluid delivery chambers, each fluid delivery chamber having a corresponding control chamber separated from the fluid delivery chamber by an associated diaphragm, a piston chamber in fluid communication with both fluid delivery chambers, and a double-acting piston assembly provided in the piston chamber and defining a single piston head that simultaneous acts upon both of the corresponding control chambers to drive the associated diaphragms.

Abstract: The invention relates to a diaphragm pump with a device for controlling the position of a diaphragm separating the conveying chamber from the displacement chamber. As a replacement of the mechanical control of the refilling process, a pressure sensor is arranged in the displacement chamber, which is connected with an evaluation unit designed for generating a refill signal, which is switched so it actuates a refill valve through an operative connection. Advantageously, a second sensor for detecting the piston travel is provided, whose signal is linked with the signal from the pressure sensor. The invention furthermore relates to a method for controlling the position of a diaphragm.

Abstract: A method provides the comparability of spectrometer measurements with a plurality of measuring instrument individuals of the same type in a family, and a spectrometer for performing the method is used with automatic standardization is also described. By this method and with this spectrometer, a substantial improvement in comparability as well as accuracy of spectral measurements is possible, since the measurement values are replicable by means of a calibration of the spectrometers, and varying consistencies or dimensions among specimens are balanced out or compensated for.

Abstract: The polarization interferometer comprises a source of light (1), a collimator (2), a first polarizing means (3), a double-refractive means (4,5,6) and a second polarizing means (7) which polarizes the light emerging from the double-refractive means (4,5,6) and directs it to a photon detector (8). The double-refractive means (4,5,6) consists of two optical wedges (5,6) displaceable along those lateral surfaces which face each other, said wedges complementing each other to a right parallelepiped, and of a double-refractive, plane-parallel plate (4) serving as a compensator. The optical axis of the compensator (4) is twisted in a plane perpendicular to the light beam by a finite angle relative to that of the two wedges (5,6), the optical axes of the two wedges (5,6) coinciding with each other. The optical axes of the two polarizing means (3,7) are arranged perpendicularly or parallely to each other and are aligned non-parallely to the axes of the two wedges (5,6) of the double-refractive means (4,5,6).

Abstract: The piston membrane pump has a feed chamber for the fluid to be pumped and a piston working chamber, a membrane hermetically separating the feed chamber and the piston working chamber and a piston oscillating back and forth in the piston working chamber. The piston working chamber is completely filled with a hydraulic medium from a supply container in operation so that the membrane oscillates with the piston. A refill valve which connects the piston working chamber with the supply container cooperates with a spring-loaded sliding control element and a moving force-transmitting element displaceable against it so as to open the valve. So that the pump can operate at higher pressures and temperatures a metal membrane is used, the force-transmitting element is a resilient platelike piece acting against the spring-loaded sliding control element and the membrane has no contact surfaces in the feed chamber on its feed chamber side.

Abstract: Mixing of materials including a first component with a lower pressure and a second component with a higher pressure is performed by introducing the first component with the lower pressure into the second component with the higher pressure, and accelerating the second component by rotation to compensate the pressure difference between the second component and the first component.

Abstract: A high pressure homogenizing apparatus for breaking-up micro-organisms or other micro-biological structures. The apparatus comprises a nozzle assembly through which a slurry or suspension to be treated is forced under high pressure. Between an inlet and an outlet, a cutting edge and, dowstream thereof, a circumferential recess are provided in a narrow gap of adjustable width.

Abstract: The optical reflectance or transmittance concentration analyzer includes an acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF). The AOTF is tuned by a computer controlled digital-to-analog converter through a tunable sweep oscillator. Tuned beams can be selected according to their direction of propagation or according to their polarization behavior. Therefore, if desired, a pair of crossed polarizers can be used to select one of the tuned monochomatic light beams that pass from a light source through the AOTF. To obtain rapid wavelength change along with electronic chopping or wavelength modulation, the digital-to-analog converter output is combined with the output of a high speed signal generator. The modulated light is conducted directly or through a fiber optic cable to the location of the optical measurement and impinges upon the sample where it is reflected or transmitted. The emerging light is collected onto detector(s).

Abstract: A diaphragm plunger pump comprises a housing, element forming a pump chamber associated with the housing, a plunger working chamber arranged to be filled with hydraulic fluid during operation, a sealingly clamped diaphragm separating the pump chamber from the plunger working chamber, a plunger sealing displaceable in the plunger working chamber for alternating stoke plunger working chamber for alternating stroke deflection of the diaphragm, a supply chamber for hydraulic liquid and connectable with the plunger working chamber, a valve arranged to connect the supply chamber with the working chamber, the plunger having a central opening provided with a valve seat and serving for communication of the plunger working chamber with the supply chamber, the valve having a valve body which cooperates with the valve seat and is coaxially displaceable relative to the latter, element for sealingly pressing the valve body against the valve seat, and abutment element arranged to lift the valve body from the valve seat when