Abstract: An arc furnace particularly for smelting of steel comprises three electrodes arranged symmetrically on a circle and connected to the phase by contact pads mounted on horizontal carrier arms.For optimizing the current loading of the contact pads and for minimising reactive losses of the arrangement, the contact pads are arranged centrosymmetrically within the electrode pitch circle.

Abstract: A direct current arc furnace has at least one anode movable into the furnace interior and at least one cathode also movable from above into the furnace interior, between which cathode and the inserted material or the melt an arc is produced. The anode contains a cooling system in its interior having a controller which cools at least the immersion region of the anode to a temperature which is lower than the temperature of the melt.This furnace device and the anode are utilized in methods for melting and heating of materials with advantage, at least the immersion region of the anode being maintained at a temperature which lies below the temperature of the melt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of providing a flowable carbon material, in particular for filling hollow spaces for the purpose of heat-insulation. A method of that type is to be laid out in a manner such that it is possible to produce thereby distributable or flowable carbon materials, which are less contaminating, in particular, which develop less dust and may also be manipulated in a simpler manner, with the efforts from the standpoint of procedural technique involved to produce these products are to be, if at all, only insignificantly greater than the efforts required in regard to the above-mentioned products. To this end, it is suggested to impregnate with a binder material paper particles in platelet form having an average diameter of from 0.5 to 5 mm and an average thickness of from 0.01 to 1 mm and/or in strip form having an average length of from 5 to 30 mm, an average width of from 0.5 to 10 mm and an average thickness of from 0.01 to 1 mm, which include an ash content of from 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing a shaped carbon article of low green or crude density and high porosity, in particular for heat insulation, by means of which it is intended to produce shaped carbon articles of actually any dimensions and configurations from comparatively inexpensive organic materials, also from waste products from the paper-making industry. According to the invention, this is done in that paper particles in platelet form having an average diameter of from 0.5 to 5 mm and an average thickness of from 0.01 to 1 mm and/or in strip form having an average length of from 5 to 100 mm, an average width of from 0.5 to 10 mm and an average thickness of from 0.01 to 1 mm, which include an ash content of from 0.005 to 5%, are impregnated with a carbonaceous binder, in that the paper particles are thereupon shaped to form an article and said article is then through a corresponding temperature treatment condensed, carbonized and optionally graphitized.

Abstract: Temperature and corrosion resistant materials as guard elements for the metal part of combination electrodes for molten flow electrolysis, which consists of a composite material made from a carbon component containing graphitic structural elements, and a component having at least one ceramic. The guard elements thus formed have long service lives and allow trouble-free electrolysis for the extraction of metals.

Abstract: An electrode for fusion electrolysis comprising an upper portion (5) of metal and a replaceable lower portion (6) of self-consuming or of slowly self-consuming material which are interconnected by a screw-nipple (1) or the like, whereby the upper portion may have a cooling device with a feed duct (2) and a return duct (3) and the upper portion (5) has at least partially and preferably in its lower region a protective covering, whereby this covering is a detachably surmounted sheath (4) of mechanically resistant material, which is electrically conductive. The sheath can be sub-divided into individual segments, while the design of screw-mounted units with internal recesses for the acceptance of resilient, electrically conductive materials reveals especially favorable properties.

Abstract: Electrode for fused melt electrolysis with a top portion (5) of metal, where appropriate with a cooling device (2, 3) and the top portion (5) has an inner part (16) and an outer part (17) which are constructed so as to be detachable from each other and the inner part (16) extends substantially close to a connection or screwmounting (1) and the top portion (5) or the inner part (16) or at least a partial zone thereof is protected by an insulating coating (4) of high temperature stability, and at least one bottom portion (6) of active material. The electrode is suitable for the production of metals such as aluminium, magnesium, alkali metals or compounds thereof. It is characterized by reliable, energy saving operation and can be easily maintained and repaired.

Abstract: Electrode for fused melt electrolysis comprising a top portion (5) of metal or metal alloy where appropriate including a cooling device (2,3) and the top portion (5) is protected at least partially by an insulating coating (4) of high-temperature resistance, and at least one bottom portion (6) of active material. The electrodes can be used more particularly for the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminium, magnesium, alkaline metals or compounds thereof and are characterized by very advantageous energy consumption combined with high operational reliability.

Abstract: An axially displaceable electrode holder for use in fusion electrolysis, for holding active parts of self-consuming or of slowly self-consuming material by a screw nipple or the like. The electrode holder can have a cooling means with an inflow channel and a return channel and at least partially and preferably in its lower area a protective layer. On its surface a contact arrangement is provided by means of which the electrode holder can be detachably connected to the power supply, while on said electrode holder a plurality of electrical and/or mechanical contact sites are detachably disposed, are made of pressure resistant material, and extend at least over one part of the area of axial displacement of said electrode holder. This electrode holder is distinguished by high operational capacity, flexibility in handling and good electrical properties.

Abstract: Electrode for arc furnaces, more particularly for electrosteel production, also using scrap, comprising a detachable top portion (5) of metal and a replaceable bottom portion (6) of material which is consumed, where appropriate only slowly, having substantially cylindrical shape and being interconnected by a screw nipple (1) or the like and the top portion has a liquid cooling device with a header duct (2) and a return duct (3) and an inner part (16) and an outer part (17) of the top portion are constructed so as to be detachable from each other, so that the inner part (16) contains the liquid conducting chamber with header duct and return duct and the outer part (17) surrounds only a portion of the inner part (16). The electrodes have a reliable coolant conducting system, are easy to maintain and can be simply repaired in the event of mechanical damage while minimizing electrode down times.

Abstract: A carbon electrode, in particular a graphite electrode for producing steel which can be used for electric arc melting furnaces of conventional design. The electrode comprises a metal-containing protective layer, and fusion of the contact jaws of the electrode holder with the metal-containing protective layer is avoided by covering at least part of the electrode surface by a graphite-containing material.

Abstract: A method of removing electrocatalytically active protective coatings from electrodes with metal cores, in which a non-adhesive intermediate layer of a compound of the substrate metal is produced in a position between the protective coating and the substrate structure by means of controlled thermal treatment. By using the method, deactivated protective coatings can be removed in a particularly easy manner from electrodes with valve metal cores.

Abstract: A shaped body or structure of carbon, in particular a carbon electrode, preferably having a largely round cross-section and being provided in its surface with at least one slot extending in a generally longitudinal direction and extending to the inside of the structure. The slot is filled by a refractory filler material that substantially reduces the oxidation of the slot walls during operation of the electrode and which allows for variations of the slot width where a temperature gradient develops within the electrode cross-section because of temperature changes occurring during operation in an electric arc-furnace. The filler material is adapted as to its physical and chemical properties of the electrode material and is anchored within the slot.

Abstract: An anode for electrochemical processes comprises a basis metal and a new electrochemical active substance for the cover layer, which substance is thallium palladate having the formula TlPd.sub.3 O.sub.4.

Abstract: Electrode for fused melt electrolysis with a top portion (5) of metal, where appropriate with a cooling device (2, 3) and the top portion (5) has an inner part (16) and an outer part (17) which are constructed so as to be detachable from each other and the inner part (16) extends substantially close to a connection or screw-mounting (1) and the top portion (5) or the inner part (16) or at least a partial zone thereof is protected by an insulating coating (4) of high temperature stability, and at least one bottom portion (6) of active material. The electrode is suitable for the production of metals such as aluminium, magnesium, alkali metals or compounds thereof. It is characterized by reliable, energy saving operation and can be easily maintained and repaired.