Abstract: The present teachings relate to methods, systems, and apparatus for low cost label-free assay detection. The present teachings, in a variety of embodiments, employ opposing forces to detect signals which depend on the number of charges on and/or the size of a particle. The particle, which can be subjected to opposing forces, can have specific capture probes at its surface. As analytes of interest are captured by the particle, the number of charges on the particle surface and/or the size of the particle is changed. A particle parameter or kinematic property such as the position, velocity, acceleration or force of/on the particle can be measured, and results obtained relating, for example, to the present, absence, quantity, and such, of one or more analytes of interest. Various embodiments are described for efficient, high throughput assays of samples potentially including one or more analytes of interest, such as bioanalytes.

Abstract: The present teachings relate to systems, methods, and the like, for analyzing biological polymers, by use of opposing forces. Among other things, the present teachings can be used to determine sequence information, such as in genetic sequencing and genotyping applications. Various embodiments are described for efficient, high throughput sequencing of nucleic-acid molecules, such as DNA. Various embodiments are described wherein nucleic-acid sequence information is determined without the need or use of extrinsic labels. As well various embodiments of methods, systems, and the like, are described, which can provide long and accurate read lengths for low-cost nucleic acid sequencing.