Abstract: A variable optical attenuator including: a birefringent element positioned to separate an input optical signal into two spatially separated, orthogonally polarized beams; a LC modulator positioned to receive the orthogonally polarized beams and selectively alter their polarizations; a reflective element positioned to reflect the beams back through the LC modulator and the birefringent element, wherein the birefringent element recombines orthogonally polarized components of the reflected beams to produce an output optical signal; and a controller coupled to the LC modulator to selectively cause the LC modulator to alter the polarizations of the orthogonally polarized beams, wherein during operation the controller is responsive to a request to variably attenuate the intensity of the output optical signal relative to the intensity of the input optical signal to one of multiple non-zero attenuation settings.

Abstract: An imaging system is disclosed comprising an illuminator which produces illumination of any desired pure wavelength or of any selected mixture of pure wavelengths simultaneously, which illuminates a sample without spatio-spectral artifacts using illumination optics designed for that purpose; imaging optics, which form an image of the sample at a detector or viewing port; and a detector. This enables imaging the complete spectral image cube for a sample by taking sequential images while illuminating with a series of pure wavelengths, with greater ease and economy than by means of tunable filters, interferometers and the like. It further enables imaging while the sample is illuminated with a precisely controlled mixture of illuminant wavelengths, so that the image presented to the detector is a linear superposition of the sample properties at many wavelengths.