Abstract: A method of bleaching a pulp at low consistency employs chlorine dioxide and/or chlorine, to partially bleach the pulp. The aqueous partially bleached pulp flows along a sinuous flow path providing a high ratio of flow path of aqueous pulp to length of effective travel of the aqueous pulp. Ozone is introduced to the aqueous pulp at spaced apart locations in the flow path so that a low partial pressure of ozone is established in the flow path which favors chemical oxidation of the lignin and low chemical attack on cellulose. In this way effective bleaching is achieved with reduced use of chlorine or chlorine dioxide and reduced production of chlorinated compounds.

Abstract: In an electrolysis cell wherein powdered material are added to a bath of molten electrolyte, the anode is provided with a duct through which the powdered material may be fed to the electrolyte. Simultaneously, a gas which is preferably inert, is also fed together with the powdered material through the duct, and both are injected beneath the surface of the electrolyte.

Abstract: A multi-part oxy-fuel cutting tip has mixture outlet passages formed in the tip skirt to form grooves. The grooves then cooperate with the tip core to form the outlet passages when the skirt is placed over the tip core. Oppositely directed circumferential inlet passages for the preheat oxygen and fuel promote rapid mixing while producing a non-rotating mixture flow. In addition, the sectional areas of the outlet passages decrease in the flow direction. The tip core has an annular chamfer at its outlet end. These features promote the rapid creation of a laminar mixture flow.

Abstract: Provided is a method for regenerating cyanide from thiocyanate. The method comprises contacting the thiocyanate with an oxidizing gas containing ozone, generally a mixture of oxygen and ozone. The pH of the contacting medium is generally less than 7.0 to assure that HCN is the predominant species relative to CN.sup.-. The method has important applications to processes involving cyanidation procedures, such as gold leaching, plating and coal conversion.

Abstract: A multi-part oxy-fuel cutting tip has mixture outlet passages formed in the tip skirt to form grooves. The grooves then cooperate with the tip core to form the outlet passages when the skirt is placed over the tip core. Oppositely directed circumferential inlet passages for the preheat oxygen and fuel promote rapid mixing while producing a non-rotating mixture flow. In addition, the sectional areas of the outlet passages decrease in the flow direction. The tip core has an annular chamfer at its outlet end. These features promote the rapid creation of a laminar mixture flow.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to prepare and deliver a gas mixture of constant composition of liquid chemical compounds soluble in liquid carbon dioxide to be used as an enhanced attractant for biting insects. The mixtures can be prepared in high pressure vessels where carbon dioxide remains liquified under its own vapor pressure or in low pressure vessels where carbon dioxide is kept liquid, at low pressure, by cooling it with a refrigeration unit. Direct vaporization of the liquid mixture from the vessels results in a gas mixture of constant composition. This mixture is to be delivered in a continuous or pulsed flow to an insect trap. These baited insect traps are an ecological alternative to chemical insecticide methods of insect control currently in use.

Abstract: In the non-acidic sizing of paper reaction between alkylketene dimer sizing agent and cellulose of cellulosic paper-making fibers is catalyzed by dissolving carbon dioxide in an aqueous vehicle of an aqueous pulp of the paper-making fibers; the carbon dioxide provides bicarbonate ions which catalyse the reaction; the bicarbonate ions may be generated by dissociation of the carbon dioxide in water, or by reaction of the carbon dioxide with calcium carbonate incorporated in the pulp as a filler for the paper, or with some other alkali present.

Abstract: A hand cart for transporting gas cylinders has a magnetic bed arrangement for securing the steel cylinders to the cart during the pick-up and transportation operation. A cam-operated discharge arrangement, operated by foot-pedal, serves to separate the cylinders from the permanent magnets of the cylinder bed, permitting withdrawal of the cart from the cylinders, when deposited in an upstanding, working orientation.

Abstract: A shielding gas for flux cored arc welding. The specific gas combination is intended to promote significantly lower fume emission levels while providing equivalent or better welding performance.

Abstract: A fluffy pulp previously dried, having a consistency by 90%, is introduced in a baler where it is subjected to a carbon dioxide comprising atmosphere in order to both reduce or eliminate the fire risk in the baler and to decrease the pH of the pulp by chemically reacting with it. Both gaseous and liquid (snow) carbon dioxide can be used. Preferably, carbon dioxide snow is injected at the bottom of the baler to accelerate the pH control of the pulp, just before compressing the pulp in bales, which compression enhances the pH control reaction between the pulp and the carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A multi-part oxy-fuel cutting tip has mixture outlet passages formed by swaging the tip skirt to form grooves. The grooves then cooperate with the tip core to form the outlet passages when the skirt is placed over the tip core. Oppositely directed circumferential inlet passages for the preheat oxygen and fuel promote rapid mixing while producing a non-rotating mixture flow. In addition, the sectional areas of the outlet passages decrease in the flow direction. These features promote the rapid creation of a laminar mixture flow.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for leaching metal values from a particulate mineral ore containing metal values employs a fluidized bed of the particles; a leaching agent solution containing dissolved oxygen flows upwardly of the bed in a lower leaching zone, to an upper clarification zone; a velocity profile is maintained to promote settling of particles so that the particulate solids remain in the leaching zone and a clarified leachant-containing liquid low in suspended solids rises and collects in the clarification zone; the process is carried out with a minimum of undissolved gas and avoids the need for mechanical agitation, but the kinetics of the chemical leaching reaction is improved and heat loss via escaping gases is avoided.

Abstract: A process is provided for supplying nitrogen from an on-site air separation plant providing at least oxygen as a product, which entails feeding an air feed stream to an instrument-air compressor which is oversized relative to compressed air needed to feed an instrument controlling the plant, feeding at least a portion of the compressed air stream from the instrument-air compressor to a nitrogen membrane separator, thereby providing a stream of nitrogen product, and venting an oxygen-enriched air stream from the membrane.

Abstract: A gas, for example, oxygen which has low solubility in water is efficiently dissolved and reacted with a substance in a flowing liquid medium by injecting the gas into the flowing liquid at spaced apart points such that a bubble flow condition is maintained and the injected gas is dissolved and substantially consumed by reaction with the substance in the interval between adjacent injection points; in this way the gas is injected at a point at which the aqueous liquid has maximum dissolving capacity and the number of injection points can be minimized; in another embodiment oxygen injection is controlled to maintain a desired oxygen:liquid ratio effective for efficient dissolving of the oxygen while maintaining the bubble flow condition, however, this requires more injection points.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sampling a cryogenic liquid for determination of its molar composition involves isolating a sample of the liquid under conditions to avoid fractionation of the sample, especially isothermal conditions, removing the conditions, allowing the liquid to vaporize intact and collecting the vaporized liquid in gas form; in particular the vaporized liquid is collected in a collection vessel which may be detached from the balance of the system and transported to a site of analysis.

Abstract: An inert gas such as helium is employed as a tracer gas in a pulp and paper mill to determine the utilization of oxygen by an aqueous cellulosic pulp particularly, as well as other parameters, in an oxygen delignification or extraction in which oxygen is dissolved in the pulp and reacted to solubilize lignins and reduce the requirement for chlorine-based bleaching chemicals.

Abstract: A cutting oxygen flow control valve in a cutting torch has a poppet movably positioned in a cutting oxygen passageway upstream of a valve seat. The poppet has openings at a downstream end of the cylindrical wall thereof so that these openings are exposed upon movement of the poppet as a manually controlled diaphragm lifts off the valve seat. The progressive exposure of the openings provides for cutting oxygen flow past the valve, thereby producing a desired progression in the flow rate.

Abstract: Oil is recovered from an underground formation by the use of steam and a gas rich in oxygen. In a priming stage, high quality saturated steam or superheated steam is injected into the formation to raise the reservoir temperature, in the vicinity of injection, to the combustion temperature of the oil. Then, in a combustion stage, the injection of steam is continued and oxygen-containing gas is injected as well, so that local combustion of oil occurs. This results in further heating of the steam and the generation of hot combustion gases, increasing the mobility of the oil and creating pressure drive. The priming and combustion stages may be part of a cyclic steam stimulation ("huff and puff") method or a steam flooding method. Special expedients are provided for the safe use of oxygen and steam.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with a substantially nitrogen-free process for chloride-route TiO.sub.2 pigment manufacture in which a TiO.sub.2 -containing feedstock is subjected to a fluidized-bed, high temperature carbochlorination in a chlorinator to produce TiCl.sub.4 which is thereafter converted to TiO.sub.2 by oxidation. The TiO.sub.2 -containing feedstock and a solid carbonaceous reducing agent are fed to the chlorinator under a CO.sub.2 blanketing atmosphere such that the carbochlorination is carried out in a substantially nitrogen-free atmosphere containing CO.sub.2 and a CO.sub.2 -rich flue gas is generated, the CO.sub.2 in the chlorinator assisting in controlling thermal balance of the carbochlorination reaction. The absence of significant concentrations of nitrogen in the flue gas results in a favorable condition enabling either or both the CO and CO.sub.2 contained in the flue gas to be readily recovered, purified and sold as by-products.

Abstract: In a steam generating boiler having a bottom wall supporting a char bed and sidewalls with ports through which air is admitted for combustion of combustible species in the char bed and emanating therefrom, combustion is improved by introducing an oxygen-containing gas into a lower central zone of the boiler, from at least one point remote from the sidewalls to thereby cause intimate mixing of the oxygen contained in the gas with the combustible species.