Abstract: The invention can discriminate, with accuracy and reliability, a variety of printing media such as plain paper, coated paper, glossy paper and OHP sheet. Preferably, light emitting devices and light receiving devices are employed to detect the fiber orientation and gloss-level in the printing media surface. Based on this detection result, the type of each printing medium is decided.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method includes the steps of providing a projection exposure apparatus, exposing a wafer by using the projection exposure apparatus, the exposing step including projecting a circuit pattern onto the wafer through the projection optical system using light from a first laser, and developing the exposed wafer. Before the providing step, an optical performance of the projection optical system is measured by producing an interference fringe, bearing information related to aberration of the projection optical system, by use of a harmonic of a second laser having a coherency higher than that of the first laser, and then by analyzing the interference fringe. A wavelength of the light from the first laser is registered with that of the harmonic of the second laser.

Abstract: In a solar cell module in which a solar cell element is mounted on a four-sided metal plate, two opposite sides of the metal plate are bent, and a reinforcement member is provided on at least one of the two remaining sides. Thus, a solar cell module which is easily manufactured, lightweight, and inexpensive can be provided. Furthermore, the solar cell module of the present invention has excellent structural strength.