Abstract: The invention contemplates use of a cylindrical lens oriented transverse to an aircraft axis, in conjunction with two light-sensitive detectors in the image plane of the lens, to develop two time-displaced electrical output signals which represent aircraft-motion scanning of terrain by the respective detectors; basically simple circuitry develops the velocity-altitude ratio by measuring the instantaneous displacement time between the two signals. The same cylindrical lens and detecting circuitry may be provided in multiple and in particular relative orientations, to additionally develop drift-angle of the aircraft axis with respect to its instantaneous ground-velocity vector.

Abstract: A photographic objective of continuously variable focal length, having four groups of lens members. The first group is of converging refractive power, the second and third of diverging, and the fourth of converging refractive power. Change in focal length is effected by axial displacement of the second and third groups relative to each other and to the first and fourth groups. The refractive powers of the movable second and third groups are so distributed that the variable air space between the third and fourth groups is larger in the wide angle position than in any other focal length position and is smaller by a factor of 0.3 than the shortest focal length of the objective.

Abstract: The invention contemplates an intermediate tube-attachment accessory, which may be interposed between standard parts of a conventional microscope, namely, between the objective turret or other mount, and the viewing tube, whether monocular or binocular. The attachment accessory includes a first or base part adapted to fit the objective mount and a second or swing-arm part adapted to receive a viewing tube fitted thereto. The swing action of the attachment is about a horizontal axis, and a mirror on the swing axis is geared to tilt at half the angle of adjusted swing elevation. Optical elements within the attachment perform an image-inverting function which enables erect image viewing, regardless of the adjusted angle of swing.

Abstract: The invention contemplates an improved optical system for illuminating the retina or ground of the eye and having particular application to a hand-held ophthalmoscope. The optical system, thus embodied, permits selective modification of image scale, for a test mark or marks projected in the eye. Two embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: An optical system for forming an image of the retina of an eye which is to be examined. The optical system has two groups of lenses which cooperate to form the image. The first lens group is in contact with the cornea of the eye of the patient via the eye liquid or a physiological saline solution. The second lens group is separated from the first group by an air space, and may serve to conjugate the pupil of the patient with the pupil of the doctor or other observer. If desired, the lenses of the first group may have a central opening which receives a light pipe for illuminating the eye of the patient. Also, if desired, the lenses of the second group may include either spherical or aspherical lenses, or a combination of both, or may include one or more Fresnel lenses.

Abstract: The invention contemplates instrumentation to enable performance of a plurality of automatic photometric analyses upon liquid samples, as in different analyses of such body fluids as blood, urine, etc. Prior to photometric evaluation, the liquid samples are automatically subjected to controlled doses of one or more reagents, and dwell times, as appropriate to the analysis to be performed at any given time. The particular automatic performance of a given analysis is supplied from an insertably replaceable holder which contains the reagents, dosage devices, and program-control coding unique to the particular analysis. Upon inserted replacement of the holder with another selected holder which is suitably encoded and equipped with reagents, the same instrument will serve for the handling of liquid samples unique to a different biological analysis.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a refractometer that images a test mark on the retina and is automatic in its determination of both refractive-power and astigmatism parameters, for the eye under examination. An imaging lens serves both (1) to project the test mark to the retina and (2) to convey that image for refocus external to the eye, to a scanner having the ability to digitally establish the eye's focal length. In the process of establishing the eye's focal length, the instrument automatically positions the imaging lens to best serve infinity viewing by the eye, and a prism then rotates the test mark while the scanner photoelectrically tracks the refocused image for the angles at which response is at a maximum, thus establishing astigmatism parameters. The instrument provides selective direct indication or print-out of the automatically determined parametric values.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a binocular-telescope construction wherein no precision optical alignment or realignment procedures are needed within the telescope tubes, once the telescope tubes are assembled to their connecting bridge structure. The nature of the connecting bridge structure is such as to provide a range of universal action in the connection of each telescope tube to the bridge structure so that optical-axis parallelism can be mechanically effected and clamped at the universal connections without operating upon any of the individual optical elements within the telescope tube. The universal action and clamping is without prejudice to the single-articulated or double-articulated nature and action of the connecting bridge, for interpupilary-distance accommodation.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a binocular observation instrument wherein two viewing tubes are pivotally connected for articulation about a first axis to adjust for interpupilary distance and wherein provision is made for further articulation about a second axis to enable adjustment of the angle between the respective optical axes of the two viewing tubes.

Abstract: A mechanical stage for microscopes includes a base plate, a stage plate displaceable along the base plate in one coordinate direction, and an object plate displaceable along the stage plate in a second coordinate direction and includes means for automatically maintaining the base plate, the stage plate, and the object plate in proper alignment with respect to a fixed reference. The stage plate directly laterally abuts the first of two parallel guides provided on the base plate and indirectly laterally abuts the second of these guides through a first movable member and an associated spring-loaded means. The object plate directly laterally abuts the first of two parallel guides provided on the stage plate and directly laterally abuts the second of these guides through a second movable member and an associated spring-loaded means.

Abstract: A panoramic periscope with a daylight viewing optical system and a heat-picture optical system, and a mirror behind the front entrance window of the periscope, the mirror being movable both in elevation and in azimuth. Moreover, in each optical system there are alternative components selectively usable, and preferably mounted on a turret, which enable either system to operate at two different magnification scales.

Abstract: A process for the electronic long-time monitoring of the heart with EKG lead electrodes fastened to the skin of a patient, in which the signal delivered by these electrodes is digitized and evaluated, the process being characterized by the fact that the EKG signal is evaluated simultaneously on basis of several parameters, that all evaluation signals are stored in the form of histograms, and that furthermore, in case of a signal anomaly determined by the evaluation, this anomaly as well as preceding and following signal sections are permanently stored.

Abstract: An ophthalmological instrument having optical elements providing an examination light beam path and an illumination light beam path. The optical elements include an objective for producing an inverted magnified flattened image of the fundus of the eye, and further elements for focusing this image at infinity and projecting it selectively either into an observation tube or into a camera or other documentation device where a record of the image may be made. The illumination beam path includes a source of light and means of projecting this light, via a perforated mirror, into the pupil of the patient.

Abstract: An ophthalmological instrument for stereoscopic examination of the fundus or retina of the eye of a patient, and documentation thereof, as by photographing it. The instrument provides an observation light beam path, and an illumination light beam path. In the observation beam path are various optical elements for producing an image of the fundus at appropriate places, and a beam splitter to split the beam into two parts for stereoscopic viewing. A movable deflector can be shifted to a position to deflect at least part of the beam to a camera or other documentation device.

Abstract: A multifocal spectacle lens having a single base lens member and at least two additional parts adjacent to each other, attached to the base lens member by fusing or cementing. These additional parts are so shaped that imaginary tangential planes lying in the center of separation lines between the additional parts and tangential to the curved surfaces which effect changes in power extend in pairs of planes which are parallel to each other, in a manner to avoid any jump in the image when the line of sight moves from one of the additional parts to the adjacent additional part.

Abstract: The invention contemplates continuous monitoring of a sample solution for cloud disturbances while conducting absorption-photometry measurements on the solution. The absorption-photometry measurements are a function of light directly transmitted through the sample solution, and the cloud disturbances are observed to the extent that the same light is or may be dispersed by cloud particles, in one lateral direction from the direct-transmission axis.

Abstract: An optical focusing system having two mirrors with reflecting surfaces in the shape of ellipsoids of revolution. They are positioned relative to each other so that the second mathematical focal point of the first ellipsoid coincides with the first mathematical focal point of the second ellipsoid, counting the focal points in the direction of passage of the light, and the entrance pupil of the system lies at the first mathematical focal point of the first ellipsoid. The ratio of the length of the major axis to the length of the minor axis of the second ellipsoid is selected so that the isoplanasie condition for elimination of coma of third order is satisfied.

Abstract: The invention contemplates a heat-detection system with optical, scanner and display components for periodic mechanical heat-scanning of a given field and for so correcting the phase of electrical signals developed in the course of scanning as to enable development of a visible display of the field without phase-shift errors which are attributable to mechanical motion of the scanner.

Abstract: The invention contemplates apparatus for simultaneous photometric observation of a plurality of elements in a liquid sample, wherein a dilute solution of the sample is atomized and fed to an elongate steady flame and wherein light from a hollow-cathode lamp, and containing at least one narrow-band emission line of one of the elements to be determined, is directed through the flame; plural photoelectric receivers, each with an associated filter unique to a line characteristic of a different specific element to be determined, are disposed to respond to light passing through the flame or to light emitted by the flame, as the case may be. The detected outputs of the receivers are fed to a computer for evaluation, the outputs of emission receivers being first electronically processed for the effective removal of "dust flashes" in the flame.

Abstract: The invention contemplates an improved binocular telescope construction of the variety wherein a bridge provides articulated connection of the two telescope systems, so that by folding at least one of these articulated systems back against a side of the bridge, the instrument may be compacted when not in use. The invention is particularly concerned with provision of a single focusing drive for the focusing optical elements of both telescope systems, the drive being operative regardless of the extent of articulated expansion or contraction of the bridge-connected systems. The invention also features provision of such focusing by movement of optical elements contained within the overall telescope-housing length, so that such length does not change in the course of focusing. Various embodiments are described.