Abstract: A continuous process for the reduction of impurities in hot metal from a blast furnace, in which the hot metal is tapped into runners and then discharged into a torpedo car. The silicon and phosphorus contents are measured; and if silicon is greater than 0.25% by weight, then a silicon reduction agent is added to the tapped metal at the upstream end of the runners. An appropriate amount of phosphorus reduction agent is added to the hot metal at the downstream end of the runners as the hot metal falls into the torpedo car.

Abstract: A continuous casting tundish has a horizontal baffle intermediate its height. The baffle has a hole therethrough, to receive the downward flow of molten steel from the snorkel of a ladle, which flow educts steel through the hole and with it any desired additives such as alloying and/or refining agents. The space below the baffle is of lesser cross sectional area than the space above the baffle, and at least one end of the space below the baffle communicates with the space above the baffle, so that circulating flow of steel through the hole, below the baffle, and back over the baffle and again through the hole, is induced, that flow being turbulent below the baffle and laminar above the baffle. The tundish has the usual casting holes in its bottom.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous electrodeposition of metals at high current density in vertical cells, wherein the body to be plated, usually metal strip, follows first a descending path and then an ascending one, during both of which it traverses at least one electrolytic deposition cell through which is passed an electrolyte in turbulent flow regime, moving in the opposite direction in the descending stretch to that in the ascending stretch, so that in both stretches the fluid dynamic conditions are very uniform.

Abstract: Process for the continuous electrodeposition of metals at high current density in vertical cells, wherein the body to be plated, usually metal strip, follows first a decending path and then an ascending one, during both of which it traverses at least one electrolytic deposition cell through which is passed an electrolyte in turbulent flow, moving in the opposite direction in the descending stretch to that in the ascending stretch, so that in both stretches the fluid dynamics conditions are very uniform. Turbulent flow is induced, by creating a partial vacuum in each cell by educting a flow of electrolyte at one end of each cell in a vertical direction away from the cell. Preferably, the educed flow of electrolyte is countercurrent to the direction of strip movement.

Abstract: A process for controlling continuous casting conditions in steel tapped from a furnace, which proceeds from a ladle into a tundish, and then via a submerged nozzle to a continuous casting mold. In either the ladle or the tundish, the liquid steel is subjected to radiation heating and convection heating from an electric heating device by which an electric current is made to pass through the liquid steel from this heating device to a return located downstream of the device, for example in the continuous casting mold. Preferably, the heating device is a transferred arc plasma torch. In addition, the nozzle between the tundish and the continuous casting mold is subjected not only to the passage of current but also to a direct magnetic field perpendicular to the steel stream.

Abstract: A device for cooling hot rolled flat products in such a way so to deliver to the product a relatively long, very thin, low turbulence blade of water which can be adjusted as to flow rate transversely of the product and so can adjust the cooling conditions of the product transversely of the product. The device comprises an elongated water delivery chamber having a linear slit that extends across the product to be cooled. The chamber is bounded longitudinally by guide walls that converge toward the slit and is divided transversely into a plurality of smaller chambers by a plurality of baffles transverse to the length of the chamber. Each of the smaller chambers is in communication with the water supply via at least one adjustable flow regulating device. The baffles are integral with the walls of the chamber and terminate toward the slit short of the outer edge of the slit.

Abstract: A plant comprising vertical cells for continuous electrodeposition of metals at high current density, in which the basic treatment unit consists of two vertical electrolytic cells connecting an upper chamber and a lower chamber for electrolyte collection and storage. The body to be plated, usually steel strip, passes from the upper chamber, through one of the cells, to the lower chamber when it returns, through the other of the cells, to the upper chamber. The electrolyte is forced to pass within these cells in a highly turbulent flow regime, by just one pumping unit.

Abstract: In rolling, particularly cold rolling of sheets, control of roll camber, and hence of the flatness of the rolled sheet, is ensured by a device fitted with a distributor capable of delivering a thin, continuous, low-turbulence jet of cooling liquid along a generatrix of the roll surface. The distributor is divided transversely into a number of chambers, each having structure allowing a given quantity of water into the chamber, this quantity being variable at will over a wide range. By regulating the quantity of water allowed into each chamber and hence the flow issuing therefrom, the amount of cooling along the body of the roll can be varied, thus varying its camber, so as to influence the flatness of the sheet.

Abstract: A continuous casting tundish has a horizontal baffle intermediate its height. The baffle has a hole therethrough, to receive the downward flow of molten steel from the snorkel of a ladle, which flow educts steel through the hole and with it any desired additives such as alloying and/or refining agents. The space below the baffle is of lesser cross sectional area than the space above the baffle, and at least one end of the space below the baffle communicates with the space above the baffle, so that circulating flow of steel through the hole, below the baffle, and back over the baffle and again through the hole, is induced, that flow being turbulent below the baffle and laminar above the baffle. The tundish has the usual casting holes in its bottom.

Abstract: A nozzle for the casting of aluminium-killed steel, which is prepared from pellets obtained by mixing 90-99% Ca(OH).sub.2, with at least one compound selected from the metal oxides Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 and TiO.sub.2 and the chlorides CaCl.sub.2, NaCl and LiCl, in quantities between 1 and 10%, the mixture being pelletized, dried at 100.degree.-150.degree. C. and baked at 800.degree.-1500.degree. C., grounded and screened, the screened material then being further mixed with at least one compound selected from among the metallic oxides Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, and Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 and MoO.sub.3 and the chlorides CaCl.sub.2, NaCl and LiCl in quantities between 3 and 20% by weight, as well as with organic binders and carriers such as oil, paraffin, petroleum, lower alcohols and resins in quantities between 1 and 5%. The mix is pressed in molds at 500-1500 kg/cm.sup.2 and baked at 1500.degree.-1800.degree. C.

Abstract: Steel powders are added to steel in a stream of inert gas introduced into the ladle above the casting mold, at a point near the exit of the steel from the ladle. The powders are thus entrained in the metal entering the mold and dissolve therein. The lance that injects the powders may also plug the ladle outlet. The powders can be used not only to perform their cooling function but also to introduce alloying elements.

Abstract: Electrode immersion depth is controlled in an ESR process, in which two electrodes are connected in series to a power source and each of the electrodes has an independent feed mechanism. The assumption is made that the slag used in the ESR process has a composition which does not vary during the process, thus leading to the further assumption that two equal lengths of slag have equal electrical resistance. Hence the slag comprised between the electrode tips and the molten metal bath can be considered as two variable resistances which are equal only when the electrode tips are both at the same distance from the molten metal bath. These two variable resistances are used in an electrical bridge, which can be suitably balanced. Should one electrode be consumed more rapidly than the other, the thickness of the slag, as well as its electrical resistance, between the electrode tip and the molten metal will increase, thus unbalancing the bridge.

Abstract: The coating of oriented grain steel sheet with annealing separators is carried out from a suspension of annealing separator in a suspension medium having a non-aqueous base, preferably commercial ethyl alcohol containing limited and controlled amounts of water, e.g. below 5%, by continuously passing steel sheet as the cathode of an electrophoretic cell, between a pair of electrodes placed in, and near the free surface of the bath, symmetrically with respect to the steel sheet.

Abstract: An addition agent for the inoculation of a molten metal bath consists essentially of 50 to 90% by weight of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal having a particle size greater than 3 mm. but no more than 10 mm., 5 to 49% by weight of an inert porous material selected from the group consisting of semi-coke, coke, coke breeze and graphite, the porous material having a particle size greater than 3 mm. but no more than 20 mm., and 1 to 10% by weight of a binder which secures the metal particles and porous material particles together in a briquette, and can be coal pitch, coal bitumen, petroleum pitch, petroleum asphalt, or phenolic or furanic resin.

Abstract: A coating solution for forming on electrical steel strips an electrical insulation coating for tensioning the strip, contains on a dry weight basis for every 100 parts by weight of phosphoric acid, calculated as P.sub.2 O.sub.5, from 10 to 35 parts by weight of Ca.sup.2+ ions, calculated as CaO, from 70 to 200 parts by dry weight of colloidal SiO.sub.2, and from 40 to 200 parts by weight of water for every 100 parts of P.sub.2 O.sub.5. The solution may also contain up to 20 parts by weight of Mg.sup.2+ calculated as MgO, up to 30 parts by weight of Cr.sup.6+ calculated as CrO.sub.3, and/or up to 30 extra parts by weight of phosphoric acid calculated as P.sub.2 O.sub.5. The density of the solution is from 1.25 to 1.35 g/cc, and the value of the molar ratio R=(CaO+MgO)/(P.sub.2 O.sub.5 +CrO.sub.3) is from 0.7 to 0.9.

Abstract: The adhesion of paint to steel sheets is improved by pretreating the steel sheets, prior to conventional annealing, surface finishing, oiling, degreasing, phosphating and painting operations, by connecting the steel sheet alternately as cathode and anode in an electrolytic cell containing a bath of 0.5 M-2 M sodium sulphate aqueous solution. The operating temperature is 20.degree.-100.degree. C., the pH is 6-8, the current density is 1 to 50 A/dm.sup.2, and the treatment time is 0.1-30 seconds, preferably 0.5-20 seconds, and most preferably about 5 seconds as cathode followed by about 5 seconds as anode.

Abstract: Briquettes obtained from semicoke and a binder such as pitch, can be hardened when stacked to relatively great height of 5 to 10 meters, provided the "green" briquettes are heated in a vertical oven at a temperature between 300.degree. C. and 400.degree. C. for 35 to 50 minutes in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen.

Abstract: A carbonaceous material with high characteristics of surface area and activity is produced in a continuous process by heating and drying ground pit coal at 200 to 300.degree. C. for 15 to 120 minutes in air, and then heating in two further stages in fluidized bed reactors. The first of these further stages is 400 to 600.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes while the second is 800 to 1100.degree. C. for 10 to 60 minutes. Tar is condensed from the offgases of the first further stage and the residual gas is divided and 10 to 95% recycled to the first further stage. Similarly, 10 to 95% of the off-gases from the second further stage are recycled.

Abstract: An annealing separator for use on grain-oriented silicon steel strip comprises a magnesium oxide base composition containing rare earth metal oxides. The rare earth metal oxides are present in an amount of 0.8 to 30% by weight of the composition; but in the lower range of 0.8 to 5% by weight, and preferably up to 7% by weight, the oxides have a particle size of less than 325 mesh, and a fraction of 35-55% by weight smaller than 500 mesh. Alkali metal silicate may be present in an amount 5 to 45% by weight. Strip coated with annealing separator of the invention is characterized in that the coating is almost totally free of surface cavities, in that the denitriding and desulfuring rates are greatly accelerated, in that the surface resistivity of the coating is substantially increased, and in that the coating adheres more strongly to the strip.

Abstract: The susceptibility of steel to electroplating is improved, by an electrolytic pretreatment of the steel part. The steel part is connected alternately as cathode and anode in an electrolytic cell containing an electrolytic bath which is an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate of a concentration from 0.5 M to 2.5 M and a pH of 6 to 8, at a temperature of 20.degree. to 100.degree. C. and a direct current density of 1 to 60 A/dm.sup.2.