Abstract: Systems and methods for selectively recovering a target metal from an ion exchange resin are generally described. In certain embodiments, such methods and systems can be employed for metal purification and enrichment of target metal species from mixtures containing contaminating or non-target metals. In some embodiments, ion exchange is accomplished in the presence of one or more species that facilitate the recovery of a metal from a composition further comprising one or more other metals. The recovered metal-containing composition may contain the recovered metal at relatively high purity and/or in relatively large amounts. In some embodiments, the conditions present during ion exchange are varied in a manner that facilitates the enrichment of a metal from an initial (e.g.

Abstract: In the present invention of Correlated Modulation Imaging (CMI), the weak optical image signal (and therefore the signal current) is modulated, and the signal integration direction is correlated to the modulation. Therefore, the dark and/or background current, which are not modulated, are cancelled, while the signal current is integrated. As a result, the total integration time of the signal of each pixel is increased, and its signal to noise ratio and dynamic range are improved. Besides, the CMI noise spectrum peaks at the modulation frequency, and therefore, the detector's 1/f and other low frequency noises can be suppressed. In the present invention, the method and theory of CMI, as well as the means and steps for the realization of CMI, are explicitly developed. Two versions of CMOS devices (CMI unit pre-amplifier version 1 and 3), with their circuitry design and testing data are presented as the critical component for correlated modulation imaging.

Abstract: A method for providing aerogels, and aerogels produced according to the method, is described. As one aspect, antiperspirant compounds that are in aerogel form, and antiperspirant and deodorant compositions including such salts, are described. The method involves contacting a solution containing material to be processed with a species selected to precipitate the material and selected so as to be miscible with the solvent system of the solution. After the material is precipitated, the material may be washed with the precipitating species until it is substantially free of solvent system. Then, the precipitating species containing the material precipitate is taken above its critical point, and the supercritical fluid is exhausted above its critical temperature. Alternately, a separate isolating species is introduced to displace the precipitating species, or the precipitating species/solvent system mixture. The isolating species then is taken above its critical point, and exhausted above its critical temperature.

Abstract: A method for providing aerogels, and aerogels produced according to the method, is described. As one aspect, antiperspirant compounds that are in aerogel form, and antiperspirant and deodorant compositions including such salts, are described. The method involves contacting a solution containing material to be processed with a species selected to precipitate the material and selected so as to be miscible with the solvent system of the solution. After the material is precipitated, the material may be washed with the precipitating species until it is substantially free of solvent system. Then, the precipitating species containing the material precipitate is taken above its critical point, and the supercritical fluid is exhausted above its critical temperature. Alternately, a separate isolating species is introduced to displace the precipitating species, or the precipitating species/solvent system mixture. The isolating species then is taken above its critical point, and exhausted above its critical temperature.