Abstract: A composition consisting essentially of an effective amount of denatonium saccharide which has a vile, bitter taste, a solvent which provides the composition with the capability of penetrating the surface of an article to be protected, and an inert material, is applied to protect an article from gnawing, biting, licking and feeding by various animals.

Abstract: Denatonium saccharide, which has a vile, bitter taste, is applied to protect an article against gnawing, biting, licking, and feeding by various animals.

Abstract: A method for thermally decomposing manganese nitrate in an aqueous solution containing alkali and/or alkaline earth nitrates including splashing said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate to form droplets or sheets of solution, heating said droplets or sheets of solution to partially decompose each droplet or sheet of solution to form manganese dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and reuniting said droplets or sheets of solution containing manganese dioxide with said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate; and/or spraying said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate to form droplets of solution, heating said droplets of solution to fully decompose each droplet to form nonstoichiometric manganese dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, and recovering said nonstoichiometric manganese dioxide.

Abstract: A process for preparing manganese nitrate solution by leaching manganese ore containing manganese dioxide in an aqueous slurry containing dissolved nitrogen dioxide gas. The reaction is controlled by monitoring the pH of the aqueous slurry, and adjusting the relative concentration of the manganese ore containing manganese dioxide and/or the rate of addition of nitrogen dioxide containing gas, to establish and maintain the leaching reaction.

Abstract: A method for thermally decomposing manganese nitrate in an aqueous solution containing alkali and/or alkaline earth nitrates including splashing said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate to form droplets or sheets of solution, heating said droplets or sheets of solution to partially decompose each droplet or sheet of solution to form manganese dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and reuniting said droplets or sheets of solution containing manganese dioxide with said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate; and/or spraying said aqueous solution containing manganese nitrate to form droplets of solution, heating said droplets of solution to fully decompose each droplet to form nonstoichiometric manganese dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, and recovering said nonstoichiometric manganese dioxide.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard, fine grained metal or semi-metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of the metal or semi-metal is partially reduced and then deposited as a liquid phase intermediate compound onto a substrate in the presence of an alloying gas. The liquid phase deposited on the substrate is then thermochemically reacted to produce the hard, fine grained alloy. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: A process for reducing manganese (IV) dioxide to manganese (II) oxide, and then reducing the manganese (II) oxide to manganese metal, by pelletizing a blend of crushed manganese ore containing manganese (IV) dioxide and a solid carbonaceous fuel, heating the pellets to reduce manganese (IV) to manganese (II) oxide, and reducing the manganese (II) to manganese metal by electrolysis in a fused salt electrolytic bath.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of manganous chloride solutions using copper as a redox intermediate in the reaction between manganese and chlorine. Treatment of manganese-containing materials with a copper solution results in oxidation and dissolution of the manganese and the formation of elemental copper. The copper is in turn dissolved by reaction with cupric or ferric ions, which are then regenerated by chlorine oxidation.

Abstract: A method for producing a hard deposit on a substrate is described wherein a volatile halide of tungsten or molybdenum is reacted with a gas or gases containing hydrogen, oxygen and carbon to effect the deposition on a substrate of a compound of the metal in a liquid phase. The liquid phase deposited on the substrate is then reacted to remove oxygen and halogen and produce a hard deposit containing the metal and carbon. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of titanium is reduced off the surface of a substrate and then reacted with a volatile halide of boron, carbon or silicon to effect the deposition on a substrate of an intermediate compound of titanium in a liquid phase. The liquid compound on the substrate is then reacted in the presence of hydrogen to produce a hard deposit containing titanium and boron, carbon or silicon. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: A method for producing a hard deposit on a substrate is described wherein a volatile halide of tungsten or molybdenum is reacted with carbon monoxide and water vapor to effect the deposition on a substrate of a compound of the metal in a liquid phase. The liquid phase deposited on the substrate is then reacted to remove oxygen and halogen and produce a hard deposit containing the metal and carbon. Also described are products which may be producted by the above method.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of manganese bromide and cobalt bromide using a manganese/cobalt redox system. Elemental manganese is reacted with a solution of cobalt bromide, forming manganese bromide and elemental cobalt. Subsequent reaction of the cobalt with bromine, and alternate additions of manganese and bromine, can be used to produce a wide range of Mn:Co ratios in the solution.

Abstract: A method for selectively extracting metal values from manganese bearing ores such as marine nodules. The ore is initially leached to solubilize manganese and other desirable metals as nitrates. The resulting solution is then treated with manganous hydroxide to selectively precipitate metals such as copper, nickel and cobalt. The enriched mixture of metal hydroxides is separated from the manganese nitrate solution, which is decomposed to recover high purity MnO.sub.2.

Abstract: A method of depositing a hard metal alloy is described wherein a volatile halide of titanium is reduced off the surface of a substrate and then reacted with a volatile halide of boron, carbon or silicon to effect the deposition on a substrate of an intermediate compound of titanium in a liquid phase. The liquid compound on the substrate is then reacted in the presence of hydrogen to produce a hard deposit containing titanium and boron, carbon or silicon. Also described are products which may be produced by the above method.

Abstract: A cutting tool and method for making same are described in which a hard metal alloy coating is thermochemically deposited on the body of the tool to form a long wearing, high strength, layer. At least one cutting edge is machined in the layer.