Abstract: Phosphatidic acid is administered orally to increase muscle mass and strength in exercising mammals. Phosphatidic acid is administered orally to aging, bedridden or cachectic patients to improve nitrogen balance. The preferred form of phosphatidic acid for administration is phosphatidic acid-enriched lecithin. Creatine is co-administered orally to increase the muscle-building and strength effect. Other suggested additives include nutritional and herbal supplements, micronutrients and hormones.

Abstract: Phosphatidic acid, lyso-phosphatidic acid, and/or phospholipase D can be administered to exercising mammals to increase muscle mass and strength. These actives can be administered orally to aging, bedridden or cachectic patients, as well as resistance training individuals, to improve nitrogen balance. The oral administration of phosphatidic acid as well as other actives described herein was found to increase muscle hypertrophy, strength, and lean body mass, and to decrease body fat in subjects, for example, when combined with resistance training.

Abstract: Methods using phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylserine, and/or salts thereof to increase testosterone levels in subjects in need thereof are disclosed herein. The methods can be useful for subjects having age related decline in testosterone, exercise induced decline in testosterone, and/or hypogonadism.