Abstract: A storage structure, particularly for fluids but also useful for storing solids, which in one embodiment includes at least a portion thereof comprising a structural wall having opposing sides, at least one said side having an insulating and protecting built-up layered finish covering which retards heat transfer, the passage of water vapor through the insulation and/or the condensation of water on the one said side, the built-up layered finish covering including a layer of insulation positioned on the one said side of the wall; a solid unitary vapor barrier layer applied to the outer surface of the insulation board as a viscous liquid or paste which hardens into a solid layer; a reinforced stucco basecoat layer applied onto the vapor barrier layer; and a stucco topcoat layer applied onto the stucco basecoat layer.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for cooling high temperature superconducting materials (HTSC) to superconductive temperatures within the range of 27.degree. K. to 77.degree. K. using a mixed refrigerant consisting of liquefied neon and nitrogen containing up to about ten mole percent neon by contacting and surrounding the HTSC material with the mixed refrigerant so that free convection or forced flow convection heat transfer can be effected.

Abstract: An enclosed storage tank for simultaneous addition and removal, and storage, of two liquid layers of different density comprising a tank shell having a bottom, side wall and a roof and a column extending from the shell bottom to at least near the roof; a horizontal first liquid distributor spaced around and extending outwardly of the column and located in the upper part of the tank and having an upwardly facing liquid distribution surface; a low density liquid conduit extending from outside the shell into communication with the column whereby low density liquid can be fed to the column and then flow to the first liquid distributor and onto the upper liquid distribution surface; a horizontal second liquid distributor spaced around and extending outwardly of the column above which the column extends and spaced above the shell bottom; the second liquid distributor having a downwardly facing liquid distribution surface; a high density liquid conduit extending from outside the shell into communication with the col

Abstract: A volatile liquid storage and emissions control apparatus and method comprising an above-ground volatile liquid storage tank having a bottom, a vertical circular wall and an external fixed roof, the tank having an internal floating roof, and air vents in the tank wall; an emissions collection apparatus comprising a conduit having an emissions laden air inlet end communicating with the tank vapor space and an emissions laden air outlet end communicating with the inlet end of an emissions abatement apparatus, with the conduit including a pump for withdrawing emissions laden air from the tank vapor space and feeding it into the emissions abatement apparatus, and the emission abatement apparatus being capable of eliminating most of the emissions from the emissions laden air with formation of a gaseous effluent which is discharged to the atmosphere.

Abstract: The ice content of a mixture of ice and liquid water is determined by (a) measuring the electrical conductivity C.sub.i of the original water at a temperature above its freezing point and before any of it has been converted to ice; (b) cooling the water to produce a mixture of ice and a liquid water phase; (c) measuring the electrical conductivity C.sub.n of the liquid water phase; and (d) computing the fraction of ice in the mixture by use of the equationF=1-C.sub.i /C.sub.nwherein F is the fraction of ice in the mixture, C.sub.i is the electrical conductivity of the original water before ice formation therein, and C.sub.n is the electrical conductivity of the liquid water phase in the mixture having the ice fraction F.

Abstract: An aqueous ice slurry is fed by a conduit from a freeze exchanger directly to one or more heat exchangers for cooling or air conditioning one of more enclosed or defined spaces. Warm water withdrawn from the heat exchangers is returned, with or without prior cooling, to the freeze exchanger to be converted into aqueous ice slurry. Warm water from the heat exchangers may be fed to a central thermal energy storage tank containing a bed of ice to cool the water and the cold water is fed to the freeze exchanger to form aqueous ice slurry. When heat exchangers have coils too small for an aqueous ice slurry to flow through the slurry is mixed with warm water from the heat exchangers to melt the ice and produce cold water which can be passed through the heat exchangers.

Abstract: A method of removing contaminants from an aqueous waste stream comprising feeding a contaminated aqueous liquid to the lower internal space of a feed tank and cooling the liquid in the tank to a temperature which results in precipitation of at least part of the contaminants; withdrawing the precipitated contaminants from the feed tank lower internal space; withdrawing aqueous liquid from the feed tank upper internal space and delivering it to a freezer; cooling the aqueous liquid in the freezer to convert at least part of the liquid to ice to produce an aqueous ice slurry; feeding aqueous ice slurry from the freezer to an aqueous ice slurry receiver; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the aqueous ice slurry receiver and recycling some of it to the freezer and some of it to the lower internal space of the feed tank; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the aqueous ice slurry receiver and delivering it to a central space of a separator-precipitate vessel; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the central space of

Abstract: An ice slurry is produced at the triple point of water in a freezer vessel having vertical freezer tubes on which feed water falls as an outside film and coolant tubes on which cold coolant falls as an outside film, with the liquid coolant and liquid feed distributed to the tubes by a pan over the tubes. The resulting warmer coolant flows to a collecting pan at the vessel bottom and then through an outlet for withdrawing the coolant from the vessel, while the ice slurry is withdrawn through an outlet at the vessel bottom.

Abstract: A high pressure heat exchanger has a body with spaced apart parallel plates with side walls joined to the peripheral edge of each plate; a tubular high pressure liquid inlet header external of the body; a tubular high pressure liquid outlet header external of the body; a plurality of separate tubular runs in communication with the inlet and outlet headers; each tubular run including a tubular portion between substantially all adjacent plates of the body; the tubular portions of the same run being interconnected at one end by a tubular liquid return with a tubular portion on the opposite side of a first adjacent body plate and interconnected at the other end by a tubular liquid return with a tubular portion on the opposite side of a second adjacent body plate; the body internal plates having a liquid communication opening which permits a second liquid to flow from the space on one side of a baffle plate to the space on the other side of the baffle plate in a serpentine flow path through the body while in heat

Abstract: LNG is pumped to high pressure, vaporized, further heated and then expanded to create rotary power that is used to generate electrical power. A reservoir of carbon dioxide at about its triple point is created in an insulated vessel to store energy in the form of refrigeration recovered from the evaporated LNG. During peak electrical power periods, liquid carbon dioxide is withdrawn therefrom, pumped to a high pressure, vaporized, further heated, and expanded to create rotary power which generates additional electrical power. The exhaust from a fuel-fired combustion turbine, connected to an electrical power generator, heats the high pressure carbon dioxide vapor. The discharge stream from the CO.sub.2 expander is cooled and at least partially returned to the vessel where vapor condenses by melting stored solid carbon dioxide. During off-peak periods, CO.sub.

Abstract: An enclosed storage tank for the simultaneous addition and removal, and storage, or two liquid layers of different density comprising a tank shell having a bottom, a side wall extending upwardly from the bottom, a roof supported at least in part by the side wall and at least one vertical tubular column extending upwardly from the shell bottom to at least close to the roof; a substantially horizontal first distributor plate above which the column extends and with the plate spaced above but adjacent to the shell bottom; first openings in the column between the first distributor plate and the shell bottom; a high density liquid conduit extending from outside the shell to the column interior whereby high density liquid can be fed to the column interior and then flow out the first openings into the lower portion of the tank beneath the first distributor plate and the high density liquid can be withdrawn from the tank through the first openings and then through the high density liquid conduit; a substantially horiz

Abstract: A portable electric power source for movable welding equipment used for constructing storage tanks and the like comprises a platform; an engine mounted on the platform; an AC electric generator mounted on the platform and driven by the engine; a welding machine, mounted on the platform, including electric current inverter and transformer means by which AC electric current from the generator is converted to DC welding current; and current transmission means for conveying the welding current from the welding machine to the welding head of the associated welding equipment. The welding equipment and the power source are mounted on carriages which are coupled together so as to move in unison as the welding operation progresses.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling a warm feed stream of aqueous liquid to close to but above the freezing point of the aqueous liquid and delivering it to a mixing tank; withdrawing an aqueous ice slurry from an ice slurry receiver-crystallizer and delivering it to the mixing tank to further cool the contents and produce temperature control of the mixing tank contents; withdrawing an aqueous slurry from the mixing tank and delivering it to a slurry thickener tank for precipitate separation thereof; removing the precipitate from the slurry thickener tank and disposing of it; withdrawing aqueous liquid from the thickener tank and delivering it to the ice slurry receiver-crystallizer; and withdrawing an aqueous ice slurry from the ice slurry receiver-crystallizer, feeding it through a freeze exchanger to produce additional aqueous ice slurry and withdrawing the aqueous ice slurry from the freeze exchanger and feeding it to the ice slurry receiver-crystallizer.