Abstract: On-line apparatus for analyzing the formation of a moving web of paper, using a source of light directing a beam through the paper and a photodetector receiving the light which has passed through the paper, has a circuit preferably including a tunable band pass filter and demodulator producing a D.C. output reflecting size and distribution of flocs. The output gives similar results to those obtained by visual judgement of formation.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the manufacture of high bulk paper, or a high bulk layer of a multi-layered paper, which uses a mixture of fully hydrated paper making fibres and substantially unhydrated fibres. The unhydrated fibres may be mixed with the conventional slurry of hydrated fibres shortly before the head box. The web may be dried primarily by pressing, with the unhydrated fibres remaining relatively unhydrated throughout the process and ensuring a bulky product; through-driers need not be used. The invention also covers the novel product of this process.

Abstract: Selective reduction in ink tackiness resulting in better ink transfer with less print through better image reproduction fidelity, less plate wear, less waste of paper, and less linting may be accomplished by selective warming of the image areas on the printing plates prior to application.