Abstract: A cross-flow filtration system includes a first filter element having a first conduit for receiving a flow of a first aqueous feed stream, a second conduit operable to discharge a flow of first permeate water and a third conduit operable to discharge a flow of first retentate water. The cross-flow filtration system includes a coil assembly disposed about the first conduit. The first coil assembly is operable to subject the first aqueous feed stream to electromagnetic pulses. A second filter element is in fluid communication with the first filter element via the third conduit. The second filter element is operable to receive the first retentate water via the third conduit. A second coil assembly is disposed about the third conduit and is operable to subject the first retentate water to electromagnet pulses.

Abstract: A fluid feed stream is flowed, subject to electromagnetic pulses, to a filter element via an input feed conduit for the filter element. A coil assembly is disposed about the input feed conduit and an AC power source is connected with the coil assembly. The AC power source has a period including first and second half-cycles of opposing polarities. A switch in series with the coil assembly forms a series connected circuit. A second switch connected with the coil assembly forms a second circuit. A control means closes the first switch and opens the second switch during a first half-cycle of the AC power source. During a second half-cycle, the control means closes and then opens the second switch to produce a first large ringing pulse in the coil assembly. A subsequent pulse may be produced either before or after the first pulse substantially decays.

Abstract: A cross-flow filtration system includes a first filter element having a first conduit for receiving a flow of a first aqueous feed stream, a second conduit operable to discharge a flow of first permeate water and a third conduit operable to discharge a flow of first retentate water. The cross-flow filtration system includes a coil assembly disposed about the first conduit. The first coil assembly is operable to subject the first aqueous feed stream to electromagnetic pulses. A second filter element is in fluid communication with the first filter element via the third conduit. The second filter element is operable to receive the first retentate water via the third conduit. A second coil assembly is disposed about the third conduit and is operable to subject the first retentate water to electromagnet pulses.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale are disclosed. The invention includes an apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles, or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. The apparatus can include an open fluid directional means or conduit. The preferred open fluid directional means is a conduit manufactured of resilient, corrosion-resistant material. The apparatus is attached to a power source and has a controller means. The controller means is desirably a microprocessor and can include a switching means for regulating the current to the apparatus. However, simpler circuits and components can be used for the controller means. The apparatus includes a field generating means. The field generating means forms a treatment field.

Abstract: A method and system of generating a ringing magnetic pulse for the treatment of flowing liquids includes a coil and an SCR coupled in series with the coil to form a first loop. An electronic switch is coupled in series with the coil to form a second loop. An AC voltage signal is applied to the coil having first and second half-cycles. Current is conducted through the first loop during the first half-cycle when the SCR is forward biased while preventing current from conducting through the second loop. Current is conducted through the second loop during a portion of the second half-cycle while current is prevented from conducting through the first loop. Current is interrupted through the second loop during another portion of the second half-cycle upon the coil current reaching a predetermined value to interrupt current flowing through the coil, thereby generating a ringing magnetic pulse.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating dirty water or other liquids containing particles of varying size includes a magnetic treatment unit and a centrifugal separator through which the liquid flows as a stream in sequence. The magnetic treatment unit causes very small sized particles to agglomerate, nucleate or otherwise to be amassed into larger particles which are then more easily separated by the centrifugal separator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale are disclosed. The invention includes an apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles, or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. The apparatus can include an open fluid directional means or conduit. The preferred open fluid directional means is a conduit manufactured of resilient, corrosion-resistant material. The apparatus is attached to a power source and has a controller means. The controller means is desirably a microprocessor and can include a switching means for regulating the current to the apparatus. However, simpler circuits and components can be used for the controller means. The apparatus includes a field generating means. The field generating means forms a treatment field.

Abstract: A fluid is treated by coil assembly close to the fluid. An AC power is provided to the coil assembly. Current is conducted from the AC source in a first loop including a first switch during at least a portion of a first half-cycle of the AC power source. The first switch is opened during a second half-cycle and a subroutine of producing a first ringing pulse in the coil assembly and a second and subsequent ringing pulse is performed. The second pulse may be produced after or before the preceding pulse substantially decays. An apparatus for the method includes a controller configured to close the first switch and open the second switch during the first half-cycle and to perform the subroutine of closing and then opening the second switch during the second half-cycle to produce at least one ringing pulse of current in the coil assembly.

Abstract: A method and system of generating a ringing magnetic pulse for the treatment of flowing liquids include's a coil and an SCR coupled in series with the coil to form a first loop. An electronic switch is coupled in series with the coil to form a second loop. An AC voltage signal is applied to the coil having first and second half-cycles. Current is conducted through the first loop during the first half-cycle when the SCR is forward biased while preventing current from conducting through the second loop. Current is conducted through the second loop during a portion of the second half-cycle while current is prevented from conducting through the first loop. Current is interrupted through the second loop during another portion of the second half-cycle upon the coil current reaching a predetermined value to interrupt current flowing through the coil, thereby generating a ringing magnetic pulse.

Abstract: A flow of fluid such as water is subjected to pulsed energy by dividing the flow into a plurality of divided flows; subjecting each divided flow to pulses of electromagnetic energy; and coalescing the plurality of divided flows into an output flow. A treatment apparatus includes a flow divider apparatus that has a inflow coupler and a plurality of conduits in fluid communication with the inflow coupler. Each conduit has a coil assembly thereon. The apparatus has a outflow coupler that is in fluid communication with each conduit. Coil assemblies on adjacent conduits may be staggered between the inflow coupler and the outflow coupler. The apparatus may include a control circuit for each coil assembly, for generating ringing pulses in the coil assembly.

Abstract: A fluid feed stream is flowed, subject to electromagnetic pulses, to a filter element via an input feed conduit for the filter element. A coil assembly is disposed about the input feed conduit and an AC power source is connected with the coil assembly. The AC power source has a period including first and second half-cycles of opposing polarities. A switch in series with the coil assembly forms a series connected circuit. A second switch connected with the coil assembly forms a second circuit. A control means closes the first switch and opens the second switch during a first half-cycle of the AC power source. During a second half-cycle, the control means closes and then opens the second switch to produce a first large ringing pulse in the coil assembly. A subsequent pulse may be produced either before or after the first pulse substantially decays.

Abstract: Water in a recirculating hot potable water system 110 is treated by power pulses, by placing a coil 18 near the water and providing to the coil 18 an AC power source 12. The power source 12 is connected in a first loop with the coil 18 and a switch 20 during at least a portion of a first half-cycle of the AC power source period. The switch 20 is opened during a second half-cycle, during which a subroutine of producing at least a first ringing pulse in the coil assembly is performed. Preferably, the water is treated chemically as well by the power pulses. An improved water system has a water heater 112 and a circulation line 116 providing a flow loop. There is a tap 124 for diverting circulating water through an external loop and there is a pulsed power water treatment apparatus 122 mounted on the circulation line. A chemical treatment apparatus 126 is periodically connected to the tap.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating dirty water or other liquids containing particles of varying size includes a magnetic treatment unit and a centrifugal separator through which the liquid flows as a stream in sequence. The magnetic treatment unit causes very small sized particles to agglomerate, nucleate or otherwise to be amassed into larger particles which are then more easily separated by the centrifugal separator.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating dirty water or other liquids containing particles of varying size includes a magnetic treatment unit and a centrifugal separator through which the liquid flows as a stream in sequence. The magnetic treatment unit causes very small sized particles to agglomerate, nucleate or otherwise to be amassed into larger particles which are then more easily separated by the centrifugal separator.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale are disclosed. The invention includes an apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles, or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. The apparatus can include an open fluid directional means or conduit. The preferred open fluid directional means is a conduit manufactured of resilient, corrosion-resistant material. The apparatus is attached to a power source and has a controller means. The controller means is desirably a microprocessor and can include a switching means for regulating the current to the apparatus. However, simpler circuits and components can be used for the controller means. The apparatus includes a field generating means. The field generating means forms a treatment field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. At least two charge carrying bodies or electrodes are spaced from one another by a gap located in or very close to the fluid, and a high voltage and high frequency cyclically varying voltage difference is imposed on the two bodies which creates a charge related cyclically varying electric field extending between the two bodies, across the gap and into the fluid to exert a treating effect on the fluid. The charge related electric field may be used by itself or in combination with other fields created by one or more electric coils associated with the fluid. Where two coils are used, their magnetic fields can be axially bucking and an axial gap between these coils has an axial width of an optimum value yielding an optimum fluid treatment effectiveness for the fields near the gap.